Sievert v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co.

• Decision Date: 30 November 1993
• Docket Number: No. 93-0272,93-0272
• Citation: 180 Wis.2d 426,509 N.W.2d 75
• Parties: Robert SIEVERT and Patricia Sievert, Plaintiffs-Respondents-Cross-Appellants, v. AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Respondent, d Bankers Life and Casualty Company, Defendant-Respondent.
• Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Page 75

509 N.W.2d 75

180 Wis.2d 426

Robert SIEVERT and Patricia Sievert Plaintiffs-Respondents-Cross-Appellants, v. AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Respondent, ^d Bankers Life and Casualty Company, Defendant-Respondent.

No. 93-0272.

Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.

Submitted on Briefs Oct. 18, 1993.

Oral Argument Oct. 18, 1993.

Opinion Released Nov. 30, 1993.

Opinion Decided Nov. 30, 1993.

Before CANE, P.J., and LaROCQUE and DYKMAN, JJ.

LaROCQUE, Judge.

American Family Mutual Insurance Company appeals an order granting a new trial in the interest of justice to Robert and Patricia Sievert. It also appeals the court's refusal to submit a verdict question allowing the jury to find American Family immune from liability under the recreational immunity statute, sec. 895.52, Stats. We conclude that the record supports the court's order of a new trial in the interest of justice pursuant to sec. 805.15(1), Stats. We further conclude that the recreational immunity statute does not apply to the facts of this case. We therefore affirm the trial court with respect to American Family's appeal.

The Sieverts cross-appeal the court's denial of their motion to change the jury's answer to the special verdict from a finding of no negligence to a finding of negligence as a matter of law. They argue that no credible evidence supports a finding that American Family's insured was not negligent. We conclude that there is credible evidence to support the verdict and therefore affirm. We need not consider the court's alleged error in permitting American Family to continually refer to its insureds, who were not included in the lawsuit, as parties.

This case arises out of a personal injury accident. On August 1, 1988, Everett Pierre pointed his pontoon boat toward the shore in front of his summer cottage, tied each side of it to his separate docks on either side of the boat, and turned on the boat's engine. He was attempting to remove silt from the bottom of the lake. During this procedure, Pierre's neighbor, Robert Sievert, went to say hello to Pierre, who was in the water by the boat. Sievert had not been invited. Sievert proceeded to walk on one of the docks to which the boat was tied; the entrance had not been blocked. As he reached the end section of the dock, it collapsed and he fell into approximately four feet of water, fracturing his right heel.

The Sieverts filed suit alleging negligence in the design, construction, maintenance and use of the dock. The complaint initially named the Pierres and their insurer, American Family, as defendants, but the claims against the Pierres were later dismissed. During the trial, the jury heard extensive testimony from both Pierre and an engineer regarding the dock's construction. At the conclusion of the testimony, the Sieverts moved for a directed verdict on the issue of Pierre's negligence. The court denied the motion.

Prior to instructing the jury, American Family requested an instruction that would permit the jury to find American Family immune from liability under the recreational immunity statute, sec. 895.52, Stats. The court denied the request, concluding that under the facts before it, sec. 895.52 was inapplicable as a matter of law. The case was submitted to the jury, and it returned a verdict finding neither Pierre nor Sievert negligent. On alternative motions after verdict, the Sieverts moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, to change the answer in the verdict finding Pierre was not negligent from "no" to "yes," or for a new trial. At a hearing on the motions, the court found credible evidence to support the verdict and denied the motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and to change the answer. It took the motion for new trial under advisement and later ordered a new trial in the interest of justice because it concluded that the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence demonstrated Pierre negligently used his dock. We granted American Family's petition for leave to appeal the trial court's order, and the respective appeals and cross-appeals followed. Additional facts will be discussed as needed.

American Family argues that the circuit court erred by granting a new trial in the interest of justice. A new trial may be granted in the interest of justice when the jury findings are contrary to the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence, even though the findings are supported by credible evidence. Krolikowski v. C & NW Transp. Co., 89 Wis.2d 573, 580, 278 N.W.2d 865, 867-68 (1979). This court owes great deference to a court's decision granting a new trial. This is because the order is itself discretionary, and the trial court is in the best position to observe and evaluate the evidence. Id. at 581, 278 N.W.2d at 868. Thus, a decision to grant a new trial in the interest of justice will not be disturbed unless the court clearly abused its discretion. Id. at 580, 278 N.W.2d at 868.

Our role is not to seek to sustain the jury's verdict but to look for reasons to sustain the trial court. Id.; see also Larry v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 88 Wis.2d 728, 733, 277 N.W.2d 821, 823 (1979). No abuse of discretion is found where the trial court sets forth a reasonable basis for its determination that one or more material answers in the verdict is against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. Krolikowski, 89 Wis.2d at 581, 278 N.W.2d at 868. There is an abuse of discretion if the trial court grounds its decision upon a mistaken view of the evidence or an erroneous view of the law. Id.

In reviewing the record, we conclude that the court did not erroneously exercise its discretion by granting a new trial. The court concluded that the interest of justice required a new trial because the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence indicated Pierre negligently used his dock. The court's basis for its conclusion was an engineer's expert testimony that the force pulling the dock sideways was multiplied four times by Pierre's boat. The court concluded that this force, coupled with a weakened dock, caused the collapse, and further inferred from this evidence that Pierre's use of the dock in this manner without blocking the entrance to it was negligent. The court also considered that American Family effectively offered no evidence that would demonstrate Pierre's use of his boat was not negligent, but only offered evidence that he and his neighbors used their boats in an identical fashion in the past.

The court's stated basis for granting a new trial was a reasonable ground for concluding that the verdict of no negligence was against the clear preponderance of evidence. At trial, an expert engineer testified at length about the deficiencies in the dock's construction. Some of these included the lack of connection between the dock supports and the dock, deficient placement of bolts, improperly placed nails and the use of untreated wood in the dock's construction. At every juncture, he indicated these deficiencies weakened the dock and contributed to its failure. He further explained how Pierre's use of his boat increased the force pulling the dock to the side four times or more. His testimony was summed up by his conclusion that the dock was inadequately designed and constructed, and that it was not designed for the use to which Pierre was putting it. Even Pierre agreed that the accident probably would not have happened if he had not been running his boat in a manner to put extra torque and strain on the dock.

This evidence supports the court's conclusion that the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence demonstrated that while the dock was sufficiently constructed for normal uses, it was not constructed to withstand the abnormal forces applied to it by Pierre's boat. This evidence further supports the inference that anyone who constructed a dock in this fashion was negligent to apply strong and abnormal forces to the dock without first securing the area.

American Family argues that the decision to grant a new trial is "fraught with inconsistencies." It claims that the court could not consistently find credible evidence to support the verdict, and thereby deny motions for directed verdict, while simultaneously finding the verdict to be contrary to the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. We disagree. Section 805.14, Stats. ¹ , makes clear that motions challenging the sufficiency of evidence to support a verdict or an answer in a verdict are only to be granted if no credible evidence supports...