Siff v. State Democratic Executive Committee

• Decision Date: 22 August 1974
• Docket Number: No. 74-3123,74-3123
• Parties: Ted SIFF et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. The STATE DEMOCRATIC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE et al., Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 1307

500 F.2d 1307

Ted SIFF et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. The STATE DEMOCRATIC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE et al., Defendants-Appellees.

No. 74-3123.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Aug. 22, 1974.

Alan Weil, David R. Richards, Austin, Tex., Stuart Nelkin, Houston, Tex., for plaintiffs-appellants.

George D. Byfield, Shannon H. Ratliff, Austin, Tex., for defendants-appellees.

Before GOLDBERG, MORGAN and GEE, Circuit Judges.

GEE, Circuit Judge:

Texas Law ¹ sets major political party conventions on the third Tuesday in September. This year, and not again this century, the Jewish High Holy Days of Rosh Hashana commence on that day. Plaintiffs are eleven convention delegates adhering to the Jewish faith, who have sought a short postponement of the convention to avoid this conflict from the State Democratic Executive Committee (SDEC) and from the District Court without success and who now bring to us their claims of constitutional infringement.

I. PROCEDURAL POSTURE

Appellants seek an injunction pending appeal from the district court's order which in effect denied their request for a preliminary injunction. ² They also seek to advance the case for an expedited hearing on their appeal and a decision on the merits. 'Considering the advantages to the parties and to the public of deciding the appeal before the date of the scheduled (convention),' we have decided to treat the cause 'as an expedited appeal on the merits from the denial of the preliminary injunction.' Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party v. Democratic Party, 362 F.2d 60, 61 (5th Cir. 1966). For reasons set out below, we are unconvinced the district court committed an abuse of discretion in denying the request for injunctive relief, and accordingly, we deny the request for further relief and affirm.

II. JUSTICIABILITY

Appellees question the justiciability of this case, relying on O'Brien v. Brown, 409 U.S. 1, 92 S.Ct. 2718, 34 L.Ed.2d 1 (1972), and the order of Mr. Justice Rehnquist in Republican State Central Committee of Arizona v. Ripon Society, Inc., 409 U.S. 1222, 93 S.Ct. 1475, 34 L.Ed.2d 717 (1972) (the district court's decision in the case appears at 343 F.Supp. 168). Despite our hearty concurrence in the Court's reservations expressed there about interfering in intra-party affairs, we do not think those decisions stay our hand in the case sub judice.

In O'Brien the Court concluded that the Democratic National Convention was the proper forum for the determination, at least in the first instance, of internal party disputes over which delegates to seat. The Court certainly did not imply that delegates could be unseated or not seated based on constitutionally suspect grounds, but it did indicate that the initial decisions regarding delegate credentials were peculiarly matters for party consideration. The Court noted also that the plaintiffs' complaints might well be resolved by the Convention, so that pre-convention judicial interference was inappropriate.

Here, by contrast, plaintiffs assert as unconstitutional an SDEC action which, if unremedied, will preclude them from ever arriving at the convention. Of course, the majority of the delegates might, upon convening, vote a recess to accommodate the Jewish delegates, thus relieving plaintiffs from their dilemma; however, the Supreme Court has made clear on many occasions that matters guaranteed by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of religion, are not to depend on majority vote. E.g., West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 638, 63 S.Ct. 1178, 1185, 87 L.Ed. 1628 (1943). If plaintiffs are correct that holding the convention on Rosh Hashana would deny them the right to free exercise of their religion, they are entitled to pre-convention relief; they need not depend on vagaries of the convention vote, for by then relief from the courts would be impossible. Moreover, bringing suit after the convention would risk almost certain dismissal for mootness. Thus plaintiffs are entitled to be heard at this time on their constitutional claims. They have alleged an injury to one of the most precious of all those rights protected by the Constitution, not to 'relationships of great delicacy that are essentially political in nature.' O'Brien, supra, 409 U.S. at 4, 92 S.Ct. at 2720, 34 L.Ed.2d at 5. ³

III. DENIAL OF INJUNCTIVE RELIEF

The district court's exercise of discretion in denying the preliminary injunction must be reviewed in terms of the four prerequisites for the extraordinary relief of preliminary injunction. See Canal Authority v. Callaway, 489 F.2d 567, 572 (5th Cir. 1974). Here we focus primarily on one of the four-- the requirement that plaintiffs demonstrate a substantial likelihood of prevailing on the merits. Plaintiffs-appellants are of course correct that a sliding scale must be applied in considering the probability of plaintiffs' winning on the merits and plaintiffs' irreparable injury in the absence of interlocutory relief. We disagree with appellants, however, on the likelihood that they would prevail on the merits; nor can we deny severe injury would be done defendants by the granting of such relief. Therefore since we do not believe appellants carried the burden of showing a probable victory, we conclude that the court below did not abuse its discretion.

No claim is made that the law in question was adopted with any improper motive; this contretemps results from the entirely neutral functioning of the lunar and Gregorian calendars. Plaintiffs assert, however, and the evidence indicates, that the SDEC had the power and could ⁴ with significant but not disabling inconvenience to the other 5,000-plus delegates and to existing convention arrangements have postponed the transaction of any significant business pending return of the worshipping minority. In failing to do so, say plaintiffs, the SDEC deliberately put them to an impermissible choice: whether to forego observance of one of the two holiest religious occasions of the Jewish year, or to quit the representative ⁵ posts to which they had been elected during critical parts of the convention. The SDEC replies that these delegates must have realized the conflict when they stood for election and that by asserting a right to have nonadherents and unbelievers conform to their religious occasions they seek of the state not neutrality, but preferment.

We lay aside at the outset two mainly irrelevant considerations, the feasibility of moving the convention dates and the Jewish delegates' knowledge of the conflict before standing for election as delegates. If these delegates have a right that the convention be held on a date which does not conflict with Rosh Hashana, they have a right upon their election to require that the date be changed if it is possible, not merely convenient, to do so. Nor is it our place to lament the quality of judgment which has materialized this matter before us for resolution on cold law. Here it is, resolve it we must. We conclude the court below did not err and affirm denial of the preliminary injunction.

Plaintiffs pitch their case upon the Free Exercise Clause, as made applicable to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. No claim is made, however, that plaintiffs' beliefs are being inquired into or proscribed in any way, nor are plaintiffs being forced or ordered to take any action at variance with their religious convictions. Finally, it is undisputed that the conflict in dates resulted from the workings of a religiously-neutral and valid law, not enacted with any invidious purpose.

What plaintiffs seek in fact is that this court require the state ⁶ and numerous other citizens to defer to plaintiffs' religious convictions by postponing, in consideration of those convictions, activities in which plaintiffs wish to participate on the two days involved here. It goes without saying that plaintiffs have good claim upon the sympathy and discretion of the SDEC and of their fellow delegates; the question is whether they have demonstrated a likelihood of prevailing in their assertion of a constitutional veto. So to hold would be to go far beyond any authority to which we have been directed and, we think, beyond the reason of the matter as well.

No purpose to single out or...