Sisters of Third Order of St. Francis v. SwedishAmerican Group Health Ben. Trust

• Decision Date: 10 May 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-2039,89-2039
• Citation: 901 F.2d 1369
• Parties: 12 Employee Benefits Ca 1491 SISTERS OF THE THIRD ORDER OF ST. FRANCIS, doing business as Saint Anthony Medical Center, as assignee of Debra Wright, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SWEDISHAMERICAN GROUP HEALTH BENEFIT TRUST, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 1369

901 F.2d 1369

12 Employee Benefits Ca 1491

SISTERS OF THE THIRD ORDER OF ST. FRANCIS, doing business as

Saint Anthony Medical Center, as assignee of Debra

Wright, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SWEDISHAMERICAN GROUP HEALTH BENEFIT TRUST, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 89-2039.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 27, 1990.

Decided April 19, 1990.

Rehearing Denied May 10, 1990.

Thomas D. Luchetti, Rockford, Ill., for plaintiff-appellant.

Bradley T. Koch, Robert L. Holzwarth, Richard D. Gaines, Kim M. Casey, Holmstrom & Kennedy, Rockford, Ill., for defendant-appellee.

Before FLAUM, EASTERBROOK, and RIPPLE, Circuit Judges.

EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge.

Driving late at night with more than twice the lawful level of alcohol in the blood, John Wright left the road and plowed into a tree. A rescue squad took him to the Saint Anthony Medical Center. Wright was not breathing when he arrived, but the staff revived him. His wife Debra, whose employer provided her and her family with medical benefits through the SwedishAmerican Group Health Benefit Trust, assigned to the Medical Center her claim for reimbursement. The Trust refused to pay, invoking Article 8.1(o), which excludes coverage for "expenses incurred ... [w]hile engaged in any illegal or criminal enterprise or activity." Drunk driving is an "illegal ... activity", the Trust's Plan Committee concluded. The Medical Center has filed this suit under Sec. 502(a) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. Sec. 1132(a), seeking from the Trust the cost of restoring John Wright to health, nearly $33,000. The district court granted summary judgment for the Trust.

Two preliminary matters: the identity of the plaintiff and the degree of deference due the Plan Committee's construction of the terms of the Plan. In the district court the Trust argued that the Medical Center could not maintain this suit because the terms of the Trust's governing documents require the Plan Committee's approval for any assignment of benefits. ERISA requires the terms of welfare trust agreements to be respected, Central States Pension Fund v. Gerber Truck Service, Inc., 870 F.2d 1148 (7th Cir.1989) (en banc). The Trust does not repeat this argument on appeal, and it does not affect the court's subject-matter jurisdiction. ERISA provides that a "participant or beneficiary" may sue in federal court, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 1132(a)(1)(B), and defines beneficiary as one who "is or may be entitled to benefits" under a plan, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 1002(8)--which fits the Medical Center if the assignment is valid, as we must treat it in the absence of contrary argument. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 109 S.Ct. 948, 958, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989) (persons with a "colorable claim" to benefits are entitled to invoke federal jurisdiction).

The Medical Center and the Plan Committee lock horns about the meaning of the Plan and the cause of the crash. The Medical Center wants de novo adjudication of these questions; the Plan Committee maintains that its decisions are entitled to deference. The district court first accepted the Plan Committee's position, on the authority of Van Boxel v. Journal Co Employees' Pension Trust, 836 F.2d 1048 (7th Cir.1987), and Pokratz v. Jones Dairy Farm, 771 F.2d 206 (7th Cir.1985), then on rehearing accepted the Medical Center's submission, on the authority of Firestone, which holds that review under ERISA follows the pattern of trust law: presumptively de novo, but deferential when the instrument insulates the trustee's decisions from searching review.

Trust principles make a deferential standard of review appropriate when a trustee exercises discretionary powers.... A trustee may be given power to construe disputed or doubtful terms, and in such circumstances the trustee's interpretation will not be disturbed if reasonable.

Firestone, 109 S.Ct. at 954. A plan containing no provisions about construction accordingly leads to de novo review, while a plan expressly granting the trustee leeway yields deferential review. Not surprisingly, most plans, drafted before Firestone, are in between. The SwedishAmerican instrument provides that the Plan Committee's powers include authority "[t]o construe and interpret the Plan, decide all questions of eligibility and determine the amount, manner and time of payment of any benefits hereunder." The parties dispute the significance of this grant.

This language might be taken as "power to construe disputed or doubtful terms" within the meaning of Firestone. Because trustees may carry out their duty without language of this sort, its presence frequently signals the existence of discretion in implementation. See Bogert & Bogert, Law of Trusts and Trustees Secs. 551, 560 (2d ed. 1980). Perhaps, though, it describes who shall decide (the Plan Committee, as opposed to other parties involved in the establishment and implementation of this complex welfare benefits plan) rather than the extent of the Committee's powers. Courts predictably have divided over the characterization of such ambiguous language. Compare de Nobel v. Vitro Corp., 885 F.2d 1180, 1186-87 (4th Cir.1989), Curtis v. Noel, 877 F.2d 159, 161 (1st Cir.1989), and Lowry v. Bankers Life & Casualty Retirement Plan, 871 F.2d 522, 524-25 (5th Cir.1989), treating language similar to that in the SwedishAmerican Plan as granting discretion sufficient to require deferential review, with Baxter v. Lynn, 886 F.2d 182, 187-88 (8th Cir.1989), and Electrical Workers v. Southern California Edison Co., 880 F.2d 104, 108 (9th Cir.1989), going the other way.

Bali v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass'n, 873 F.2d 1043, 1047 (7th Cir.1989), the only case in our court that has tackled the question after Firestone, concluded that a clause specifying that disability shall be determined "on the basis of medical evidence satisfactory to the Committee" furnished the Committee with sufficient discretion to prevent de novo review of what kinds of evidence could be used. Bali does not visit larger questions concerning the right way to read general power-granting clauses of the kind before us, although it does establish that magic words (such as "the committee has discretion to ...") are unnecessary. We need not do so either, for even if Firestone calls for de novo review the Plan Committee's decision must stand.

The Medical Center demands a trial on the question whether besotted driving caused the crack-up. It waived the subject by not contesting it before the Plan Committee. It did scarcely more in the district court. In response to the Trust's motion for summary judgment, which essentially invoked res ipsa loquitur, the Medical Center did not offer any evidence suggesting a genesis unrelated to John Wright's imbibing. If evidence suggested that a mechanical defect in the car led it off the road, or that Wright swerved to avoid an oncoming vehicle, a trial would be essential. The record contains no such evidence. The Medical Center's only theory is that loose gravel on the shoulder prevented Wright from getting his car back on the road. This is not only unsupported but also irrelevant, because it does not meet the inference that Wright's inebriation led him to drive on the shoulder, where gravel and worse hazards await. The court properly disposed of this...