Skinner v. City of Miami, Fla.

• Decision Date: 25 August 1995
• Docket Number: No. 93-4324,93-4324
• Citation: 62 F.3d 344
• Parties: Herman SKINNER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA, Defendant-Appellant, Charles V. Boyd, Osvaldo Iglesias, Michael S. Whittington, Pedro Gomez, Charles K. McDermott, Colonel H. Duke, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 344

62 F.3d 344

Herman SKINNER, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. CITY OF MIAMI, FLORIDA, Defendant-Appellant, Charles V. Boyd, Osvaldo Iglesias, Michael S. Whittington, Pedro Gomez, Charles K. McDermott, Colonel H.

Duke, Defendants.

No. 93-4324.

United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.

Aug. 25, 1995.

Charles C. Mays, Asst. City Atty., Kathryn S. Pecko, Asst. City Atty., Miami, FL, for appellant.

Irving M. Miller, Susan Eisenberg, Miami, FL, for appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, BLACK, Circuit Judge, and KAUFMAN ^*, Senior District Judge.

TJOFLAT, Chief Judge:

The City of Miami (the "City") appeals a $1.3 million verdict based on liability under 42 U.S.C. section 1983. Herman Skinner, a fire fighter, sued the City for injuries he sustained from a hazing incident. Because Skinner is unable to prove a violation of a right secured by the United States Constitution or federal law, we reverse the district court's denial of the City's motion for judgment as a matter of law.

I.

The facts giving rise to this lawsuit are not in dispute. Herman Skinner, Charles V. Boyd, Osvaldo Iglesias, Michael S. Whittington, Pedro Gomez, and Charles K. McDermott were fire fighters employed by the City of Miami. With the exception of Skinner, the fire fighters were assigned to Fire Station No. 3. Skinner, who was assigned to Fire Station No. 4, was temporarily assigned to Fire Station No. 3 on the morning of December 9, 1989, as he had been between five and ten times before. During those prior assignments, Skinner developed a sense of camaraderie with the other fire fighters, which included engaging in joking, singing, and wrestling. For example, Skinner once jokingly placed his arm around Iglesias' neck and told Iglesias that "he looked good, and that if the two were stranded on an island together, Skinner would make Iglesias his woman."

When Skinner reported to Station No. 3 on the morning of December 9, the other fire fighters were asleep. Charles Boyd warned Skinner that "if you don't get out of here with all this loud noise, we are going to get you when we wake up." The day proceeded uneventfully with several of the fire fighters discussing a local high-profile criminal trial and singing a song.

After the singing ended, while Skinner sat in a chair and watched television, Boyd and Iglesias, assisted by McDermott and Whittington, approached him from behind and wrestled him to the floor. Handcuffs were applied to Skinner's wrists while he was on the floor. As Skinner was on the floor handcuffed, Boyd, who was naked, straddled Skinner's chest, grabbed Skinner's head, and rubbed his scrotum over the top of Skinner's head. Everyone present laughed except for Skinner, who demanded that the handcuffs be removed.

When the handcuffs were removed, Skinner chased Boyd. Skinner caught Boyd, but eventually walked back into the room holding Boyd's arm. Later, Skinner retaliated by grabbing Boyd's testicles causing Boyd to cry and scream. Three fire fighters eventually pulled Skinner away from Boyd. Skinner also attempted to bite Gomez's nipple and bent Iglesias' finger backwards.

On January 23, 1990, Skinner filed suit against the City of Miami, the Chief of the Fire Department (the "Chief") in his official capacity, and numerous fire fighters. Skinner asserted liability for violations of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments under section 1983 and pendent state law claims. On April 24, 1990, Skinner filed an amended complaint suing the City, the Chief in his individual and official capacities, and the fire fighters in their individual and official capacities, alleging violations of his Fourth, Fifth, and Fifteenth Amendment rights, as well as pendent state law claims. Specifically, Skinner alleged that the City "has a custom or policy of authorizing its fire fighters to engage in horseplay and hazing which exceeds the bounds of good taste and safety and is destructive to the morale of minority fire fighters and is so extreme that it violates certain rights secured to said persons by the constitution and laws of the United States." Record, vol. 1, at 4, No. 29. Skinner alleged that the City's practices violated the Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments, which "prohibit the use of excessive and unreasonable force; prohibit the deprivation of liberty without due process of law; and provide freedom from summary punishment." Record, vol. 1, at 7-8, No. 29.

Discovery ensued, and the individual fire fighters filed a host of counterclaims. Skinner reached confidential cash settlements with the individual fire fighters prior to trial. The City and Chief moved for summary judgment contending that Skinner had not been subjected to injuries under color of law and that the City and Chief did not unconstitutionally train, supervise, and discipline fire fighters. The district court denied the motion. The case was tried for five days (December 21, 1992 through December 30, 1992) before a jury. At the close of plaintiff's case, the City and Chief moved for judgment as a matter of law on the bases that plaintiff failed to prove any custom, practice, or policy or that the fire fighters were acting under color of law. Record, vol. 8, at 40, No. 236. The district court granted the motion as to the Chief, in both his individual and official capacities, but denied it as to the City. The jury returned a verdict in the amount of $1.3 million. The district court denied the City's motions for judgment as a matter of law, and in the alternative, for a new trial, and entered final judgment. This appeal followed.

II.

Section 1983 states, in relevant part:

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State ... subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States ... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.

42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983. "[Section] 1983 'is not itself a source of substantive rights,' but merely provides 'a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.' " Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 1870, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n. 3, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 2695 n. 3, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979)). To succeed, a section 1983 plaintiff must show a violation of a right secured by federal law.

Skinner alleged in his amended complaint violations of the Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments. At oral argument, Skinner's counsel acknowledged that there had been no Fourth Amendment violation. We are left with a substantive due process claim. ¹ The substantive element of the Due Process Clause protects those rights that are "fundamental"--rights that are "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty." Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325, 58 S.Ct. 149, 152, 82 L.Ed. 288 (1937). The Supreme Court has deemed that most, but not all, of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights are fundamental. Certain unenumerated rights, such as the right to privacy, also merit protection. See, e.g., Planned Parenthood v. Casey, --- U.S. ----, ----, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 2807, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992).

Although the Supreme Court has extended substantive due process protection to certain unenumerated rights, it has not extended Fourteenth Amendment coverage to many areas. Tort law is one such area that remains largely outside the scope of substantive due process jurisprudence. Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 332, 106 S.Ct. 662, 665, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986) (noting that the Due Process Clause "does not purport to supplant traditional tort law in laying down rules of conduct to regulate liability for injuries that attend living together in society"); Wright v. Lovin, 32 F.3d 538, 540 (11th Cir.1994). "[S]ubstantive rights ... created only by state law (as is the case with tort law and employment law) are not subject to substantive due process protection under the Due Process Clause because 'substantive due process rights are created only by the Constitution.' " McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550, 1556 (11th Cir.1994) (en banc) (emphasis added) (quoting Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Ewing, 474 U.S. 214, 229, 106 S.Ct. 507, 515, 88 L.Ed.2d 523 (1985) (Powell, J., concurring)), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 898, 130 L.Ed.2d 783 (1995).

[T]he Court has always been reluctant to expand the concept of substantive due process because guideposts for responsible decisionmaking in this unchartered area are scarce and open-ended. The doctrine of judicial self-restraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.

Collins v. City of Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125, 112 S.Ct. 1061, 1068, 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992) (citation omitted). Skinner has proven that he was assaulted--that, however, is a tort created by state law, and not necessarily a violation of a constitutional right. ² Skinner has failed to show a violation of any right secured by federal law either under the Constitution or a federal statute.

Skinner argues that we should not consider the issue of a constitutional violation because it was not raised by the City in the district court or on appeal. Minimal attention was paid to the issue of a constitutional violation in the district court. ³ Although as a general rule, an appellate court will not consider a legal issue or theory raised for the first time on appeal, Lattimore v. Oman Constr., 868 F.2d 437, 439 (11th Cir.1989) (per curiam), we have discretion to do so if the new issue or theory "involves a pure question of law, and if refusal to consider it would result in a miscarriage of justice," United States v. Southern Fabricating Co., 764 F.2d 780, 781 (11th Cir.1985) (per curiam) (quotation omitted). Whether a constitutional violation has...