Slayton v. Willingham, No. 82-2109

• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (10th Circuit)
• Writing for the Court: Before SETH, Chief Judge, and McKAY and LOGAN; PER CURIAM
• Citation: 726 F.2d 631
• Parties: Cecil D. SLAYTON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. David WILLINGHAM, Larry Hignight, Bill Cully, City of Ardmore, Oklahoma, Defendants-Appellees.
• Docket Number: No. 82-2109
• Decision Date: 27 January 1984

Page 631

726 F.2d 631 Cecil D. SLAYTON, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
David WILLINGHAM, Larry Hignight, Bill Cully, City of
Ardmore, Oklahoma, Defendants-Appellees. No. 82-2109. United States Court of Appeals,
Tenth Circuit. Jan. 27, 1984.

Page 632

Cecil D. Slayton, pro se.

Joseph A. Sharp, Jack M. Thomas, and Walter D. Haskins of Best, Sharp, Thomas, Glass & Atkinson, Tulsa, Okl., for defendants-appellees.

Before SETH, Chief Judge, and McKAY and LOGAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM.

After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 10th Cir.R. 10(e). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Cecil Slayton appeals from summary judgment in his civil rights suit. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) and 56. He brought this suit under section 1983 ¹ after pleading nolo contendere to a criminal charge in an Oklahoma state court. Mr. Slayton alleged that members of the Ardmore, Oklahoma police department violated his constitutional rights while conducting the investigation that led to his conviction. He claimed that defendants Willingham and Hignight, policemen from Ardmore, had violated his fourth and fourteenth amendment rights by illegally arresting him twice and illegally searching him or his car on three occasions. He also alleged that defendants Willingham and Hignight violated his eighth amendment rights by severely beating him after one of his arrests. His final claim was that defendant Bill Cully, the Ardmore Chief of Police, violated his constitutional right to privacy by obtaining private, personal photos of Mr. Slayton and showing them to some of Mr. Slayton's acquaintances. Mr. Slayton asserted that Mr. Cully and the City of Ardmore were liable on all of his claims since both officially acquiesced in the alleged constitutional violations.

The district court dismissed Mr. Slayton's suit. The court held that the claims for the searches, the arrests, and the beatings had to be dismissed since they "seek to reopen ... issues which should have been heard at trial." Slayton v. Willingham, No. 82-166-C, slip op. at 2 (E.D.Okl. Sept. 3, 1982). The court also held that the handling of the

Page 633

photographs violated no constitutional privacy right. Finally, the court held that Mr. Slayton's only remedy for the allegedly illegal searches and arrests was a petition for habeas corpus rather than an action under section 1983. Since this is an appeal from summary judgment, we construe the record most favorably to Mr. Slayton's case. McKee v. Heggy, 703 F.2d 479 (10th Cir.1983).

I. Res Judicata

The district court held that Mr. Slayton's claims predicated on the illegal searches and arrests and the beating were barred since Mr. Slayton should have asserted them at his state criminal proceeding, in which he pleaded nolo contendere. The trial court thus applied the doctrine of res judicata to find the section 1983 claim barred by the prior state proceeding. ²

In Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980), the Supreme Court held that a state criminal court's finding that a search was legal collaterally estops the criminal defendant, as a plaintiff in a subsequent section 1983 suit, from asserting the search's illegality, so long as he had a "full and fair opportunity" to litigate the issue at the state criminal trial. 449 U.S. at 95, 101 S.Ct. at 415. The Court in Allen did not decide, however, how to determine the applicability of collateral estoppel to a particular case. Id. at 93 n. 2, 105 n. 25, 101 S.Ct. at 414 n. 2, 420 n. 25.

The Court clarified Allen in Haring v. Prosise, --- U.S. ----, 103 S.Ct. 2368, 76 L.Ed.2d 595 (1983). In Haring, a criminal defendant pleaded guilty in state court and then brought a section 1983 action based on an allegedly illegal search that had led to the state criminal proceedings. The Court held that the plaintiff's guilty plea did not bar his section 1983 action. Under Haring, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1738 (1976) ³ renders state preclusion doctrine presumptively applicable to a section 1983 suit brought by a former state criminal defendant, subject to a federal due process qualification that state law can preclude only issues that the section 1983 plaintiff had a "full and fair opportunity to litigate" in the state proceeding. ⁴ Thus, in determining whether Mr. Slayton's nolo contendere plea to a criminal charge in Oklahoma state court precludes him from raising material questions of fact with respect to his claims based on the searches, the arrests, and the beating, we must first look to Oklahoma preclusion law.

Under the doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, a plaintiff who loses a lawsuit is barred from bringing a later suit based on the same "cause of action" as the first. E.g., Meyer v. Vance, 406 P.2d 996, 1001-02 (Okl.1965). Under collateral and direct estoppel, or issue preclusion, a litigant in one lawsuit may not, in a later lawsuit, assert the contrary of issues actually decided in and necessary to the judgment of the first suit. Id. See also Searing v. Hayes, 684 F.2d 694, 696 (10th Cir.1982); see generally 18 Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure Secs. 4402, 4406, 4416 (1981) (hereinafter "Wright and Miller"). ⁵ Since a section 1983 plaintiff's civil suit is not the same "cause of action" as the state's criminal case against the plaintiff, res judicata is inapposite. 18

Page 634

Wright and Miller, Sec. 4474, at 748-49. Thus, Mr. Slayton's criminal proceeding can preclude his civil rights action, if at all, only through the application of collateral estoppel. The trial court's summary judgment on the basis of Mr. Slayton's nolo contendere plea in Oklahoma state court can therefore be upheld only if the constitutionality of the searches, arrests, and beating were necessary for the judgment of the Oklahoma court and actually determined against Mr. Slayton in its proceeding.

Under Oklahoma law, a nolo contendere plea has the same effect as a guilty plea for the charge for which it is...