Small v. People, 23345

Citation173 Colo. 304,479 P.2d 386
Decision Date21 December 1970
Docket NumberNo. 23345,23345
PartiesArthur Everett SMALL, Jr. a/k/a A. E. Small, Jr. a/k/a A. E. Small, Plaintiff in Error, v. The PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Defendant in Error.
CourtSupreme Court of Colorado

Clayton W. Bell, Boulder, for plaintiff in error.

Duke W. Dunbar, Atty. Gen., John P. Moore, Deputy Atty. Gen., Paul D. Rubner, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for defendant in error.

GROVES, Justice.

The writ of error in this criminal case issued at the instance of the defendant. He was charged with four counts, namely, confidence game, conspiracy to commit confidence game, obtaining property by false pretenses, and conspiracy to commit the false pretenses offense. He was convicted of the charges contained in the first two counts and acquitted as to the remaining two. We affirm.

The first count in the information charged that the defendant obtained $9,000 from Margaret Spurgeon by means of the confidence game. The second count alleged conspiracy with respect to the transaction described in the first count. Mrs. Spurgeon, who was a widow 86 years of age, had moneys on deposit at several banks and savings and loan associations. The testimony on behalf of the people was to the effect that, in addition to the sum of $9,000 alleged in the information, by similar means the defendant had obtained an additional $29,000 from Mrs. Spurgeon, which was substantially all of her invested money. At the time the defendant was an attorney and, according to some of the People's testimony, with the cooperation of other persons was able to obtain this money by holding himself out to Mrs. Spurgeon and others as her attorney.

I

Substantially the same series of facts were the basis of counts 1 and 3 (the confidence game and false pretenses counts). Under the first assignment of error the defendant contends that the false pretenses counts could not be joined with the confidence game counts and that the People should have been required to elect between the first and second counts on the one hand and the third and fourth on the other.

The confidence game statute and the false pretenses statute upon which the information was grounded were repealed in 1967 (Colo.Sess. Laws 1967, p. 578, § 19) and replaced by the theft statute. 1967 Perm.Supp., C.R.S.1963, 40--5--2. It would seem that the problems of joinder and election involved here cannot arise under the theft statute.

We have concluded that the offense of confidence game as defined by the court's instructions and that of obtaining money by false pretenses were two separate and distinct offenses under our former statutes. While the distinctions may be fine, we believe that it is possible for one to commit the offense of confidence game and not that of false pretenses, and Vice versa. As limited by the instructions, confidence game consisted of obtaining money from another by a device deceitfully used to gain the confidence of the other. Obtaining money under false pretenses involves knowingly and by design and false pretenses obtaining another's money with intent to cheat or defraud. We conclude, therefore, that the confidence game and false pretenses counts properly could be joined.

This does not mean necessarily that a conviction on all counts, predicated upon the same transaction, could stand. The question was solved in this case, however, by the court's instruction to the jury that, if it found the defendant guilty of confidence game it could not find him guilty of false pretenses; that if it found him guilty of false pretenses it could not find him guilty of confidence game; and if it found him guilty of conspiracy to commit one of the foregoing felonies, it could not find him guilty of conspiracy to commit the other.

Generally, the matter of election by the People between counts is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Crim. P. 14. Ruark v. People, 158 Colo. 287, 406 P.2d 91 (1965); and Sanders v. People, 109 Colo. 243, 125 P.2d 154 (1942). Under the People's testimony it might be arguable as to whether the same acts could constitute the felony of confidence game and the felony of obtaining property by false pretenses. Under the circumstances of this case we rule that any abuse of discretion that the court might have committed in failing to require the People to elect was cured by the instruction to elect and the verdicts thereunder.

II

A few months prior to the trial of this action there was considerable publicity given to the refusal of the county commissioners of Boulder County to pay attorney's fees awarded to appointed counsel in a murder case. The defendant here maintains that this publicity and publicity concerning his own case should have caused the court to grant his motion for change of venue. There was no showing that this publicity had any effect on any members of the jury. There is not before us any record of Voir dire examination. We find nothing in the record indicating prejudice in the jury selection process. The defendant, in addition to some generalized statements, simply alleges violation of 'due process,' and cites Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 86 S.Ct. 1507, 16 L.Ed.2d 600 (1966). The briefs were filed prior to the announcement by this court of Walker v. People, Colo., 458 P.2d 238 (1969). Neither side has filed any supplemental briefs discussing Walker and we do not recall it being mentioned in oral argument.

In Sheppard the United States Supreme Court held that the publicity was so massive, pervasive and prejudicial as to cause a presumption that a fair trial was denied. In Walker this court found a similar situation and ruled that the publicity 'was so extensive, so slanted and prejudicial, so calculated to inflame, and so all-pervasive as to posit this case within the holding of Sheppard.'

Prior to Walker it was the rule of this court that in order to reverse the refusal of a court to grant a motion for change of venue by reason of publicity it must be shown that this publicity had an adverse effect upon the jury panel or a portion thereof. Oaks v. People, 161 Colo. 561, 424 P.2d 115 (1967) (petition for habeas corpus granted on other grounds, D.C., 278 F.Supp. 703). In Walker it was stated:

'The transcript of voir dire is unfortunately in summary form, and we are therefore unable to determine the specific from service. We are of the opinion from service. We are of the oipinion that the defendant need not show specific prejudice against him through an examination of the voir dire proceedings.'

It was the intent of Walker that the rule just quoted should be applied only when the publicity is so extensive and pervasive as was the case in Sheppard and Walker. The law as announced in Martz v. People, 114 Colo. 278, 162 P.2d 408 (1954); Hopkins v. People, 89 Colo. 296, 1 P.2d 937 (1931); and Abshier v. People, 87 Colo. 507, 289 P. 1081 (1950) is still the law in this state where the publicity is not so extensive and all pervasive. The publicity in the instant matter did not approach the massiveness that it did in Sheppard and Walker.

III

The defendant asserts that the court's refusal to appoint a psychiatrist 'for the purpose of establishing the competency' of Mrs. Spurgeon was error. At this point, we interject that we have reviewed the testimony of Mrs. Spurgeon, and it reveals that she was precise in her recollections and statements; moreover, she was quite articulate. It is true that she was 87 years of age at the time she testified, was hard of hearing and tired rather easily, but her testimony appears to us to be that of a person remarkably competent considering her age.

The defendant filed a written motion in advance of trial asking that Mrs. Spurgeon be given a psychiatric examination to determine whether she was competent to testify. The sole ground for this motion was that she was 'by her own admission 86 years of age and that infirmities of old age may affect her competency.' In arguing this motion the defendant's counsel made the following statement after calling attention to her age:

'On my information and belief, I feel that a psychiatric examination should be given to Mrs. Spurgeon so that we can determine if she is actually competent to testify. I have talked to this particular witness, I think one only needs to go into her home and talk to her and look at her person to determine that she doesn't properly take care of herself. * * * I feel that Mrs. Spurgeon's health would be in some jeopardy, at least in my unexpert opinion, to have her testify at her age and her condition as I observed it.'

The remainder of the statement of counsel is simply argument.

The defendant's attorney did not seek to examine Mrs. Spurgeon at the trial on Voir dire with respect to her competency. On cross-examination he asked her some questions as to the significance of taking an oath, educational background and the number of times she had seen a physician in the preceding two years. Her answers were such as to strengthen the hearer's opinion that she was competent.

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