Smith v. Smith

• Decision Date: 18 May 1990
• Docket Number: No. 890246-CA,890246-CA
• Citation: 793 P.2d 407
• Parties: Patricia G. SMITH (Taylor), Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Scott G. SMITH, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Utah Court of Appeals

Page 407

793 P.2d 407

Patricia G. SMITH (Taylor), Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Scott G. SMITH, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 890246-CA.

Court of Appeals of Utah.

May 18, 1990.

Wayne B. Watson, Provo, for defendant and appellant.

Robert L. Moody, Provo, for plaintiff and appellee.

Before BENCH, GREENWOOD and JACKSON, JJ.

OPINION

GREENWOOD, Judge:

Appellant Scott G. Smith appeals the trial court's dismissal of his petition to modify a decree of divorce. We reverse and remand.

Scott and Patricia G. Smith were divorced April 13, 1981, pursuant to a decree of divorce. Scott was not present at the hearing, but filed a consent and waiver for entry of judgment. The decree granted custody of the parties' minor child, Jesse, to Patricia and granted Scott reasonable visitation rights. On August 21, 1981, pursuant to a motion by Scott for an order to show cause, the court entered an order which specifically defined Scott's visitation rights.

Following the court's order, Patricia and Jesse moved first to Mexico and then to Arizona. Problems with visitation continued, and Scott filed a series of motions, seeking enforcement of his visitation rights.

On December 14, 1984, pursuant to a hearing with both parents appearing, the court issued an order modifying the divorce decree. The order set forth in greater detail Scott's visitation rights, specifying the locations and times when Jesse could be picked up, and held Patricia in contempt for her deliberate denial of Scott's visitation rights. The court determined, however, that Patricia could purge herself of the contempt by affirmatively working to resolve any future visitation problems.

On June 2, 1988, Patricia filed an action in Texas to modify visitation, and also sought a temporary restraining order to prevent Scott from removing the child from El Paso County, Texas, and from brainwashing or otherwise psychologically manipulating Jesse. The Texas court issued a temporary restraining order pending a hearing scheduled for June 21, 1988.

Prior to the Texas hearing, a conference call was held between the Texas court master and the Utah judge. They agreed that Scott and Patricia were both permanently restrained from engaging in any psychological manipulation or brainwashing of Jesse and that the visitation schedule was to continue as set forth in the Utah order.

On June 21, 1988, Scott petitioned the Utah court to modify the custody decree. Scott argued that Patricia's interference with his visitation rights constituted a material change of circumstances justifying a change of custody. This was the first time Scott alleged a material change of circumstances or sought a change of custody.

Patricia filed a motion to stay the proceedings, asserting that custody should be determined in Texas. The court denied the motion and found that jurisdiction over custody continued in Utah. Patricia then filed a motion in limine to restrict introduction of evidence arising prior to the trial court's December 14, 1984, modification order. The court granted the motion on the grounds that such evidence had previously been litigated and was therefore excludable under the doctrine of res judicata.

Trial was held on December 15, 1988. The court dismissed Scott's petition to modify the divorce decree, finding that he had failed to show a material change in circumstances. However, the court continued to hold Patricia in contempt.

On appeal, Scott claims the trial court erred by (1) granting appellee's motion in limine excluding evidence arising prior to the 1984 contempt order and relating primarily to visitation interference; and (2) failing to consider all evidence regarding interference with visitation rights as relevant to a substantial material change of circumstances or a change of custody.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The trial court's factual findings are presumed correct and unless they are shown to be "clearly erroneous" under Utah R.Civ.P. 52(a), they will not be set aside on appeal. In Re Estate of Bartell, 776 P.2d 885, 886 (Utah 1989); Kishpaugh v. Kishpaugh, 745 P.2d 1248, 1253 (Utah 1987). However, a trial court's conclusions of law are examined for correctness and are accorded no special deference on review. Bountiful v. Riley, 784 P.2d 1174, 1175 (Utah 1989); Western Kane County Special Serv. Dist. No. 1 v. Jackson Cattle Co., 744 P.2d 1376, 1378 (Utah 1987). Because the issues addressed in this opinion concern questions of law, we apply the latter standard of review.

RES JUDICATA

We first address Scott's claim that the trial court erred in granting appellee's motion in limine to exclude evidence previously considered by the court in the 1984 contempt proceedings, or arising prior to that time, on the basis that it was barred by the doctrine of res judicata.

The doctrine of res judicata is comprised of two branches: claim preclusion and collateral estoppel or issue preclusion. Both branches are designed to protect litigants from the burden of relitigating an identical issue with the same party or his privy and to promote judicial economy by preventing needless litigation. Penrod v. Nu Creation Creme, Inc., 669 P.2d 873, 875 (Utah 1983); Copper State Thrift & Loan v. Bruno, 735 P.2d 387, 389 (Utah Ct.App.1987); see generally Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Found., 402 U.S. 313, 328-29, 91 S.Ct. 1434, 1442-43, 28 L.Ed.2d 788 (1971).

The branch applicable to this case is claim preclusion, which bars the relitigation of a claim that previously has been fully litigated between the same parties. To invoke claim preclusion, both actions must involve the same parties or their privies and the same claim or cause of action. Also, litigation of the first claim must have resulted in a final judgment. Penrod, 669 P.2d at 875. Claim preclusion prevents relitigation not only of claims actually litigated in the first proceeding, but also of claims which could and should have been litigated in the prior action, but were not raised. Id.

The doctrine of res judicata applies in divorce actions and subsequent modification proceedings. Hogge v. Hogge, 649 P.2d 51, 53 (Utah 1982). Application of res judicata in divorce actions is distinguished, however, because of the equitable doctrine that allows courts to reopen determinations if the moving party can demonstrate a substantial change of circumstances. Thompson v. Thompson, 709 P.2d 360 (Utah 1985) (per curiam); Hogge, 649 P.2d at 53; Throckmorton v. Throckmorton, 767 P.2d 121, 123 (Utah Ct.App.1988). In addition, the courts have continuing jurisdiction bestowed by statute to enter subsequent orders regarding the parties, their children, or their property, "as is reasonable and necessary." Utah Code Ann. § 30-3-5(3) (1989). Nevertheless, a custody decree, which is predicated on a particular set of facts, is res judicata and will not be modified in the absence of a showing of a substantial or material change in circumstances which warrants doing so. Hogge, 649 P.2d at 53; Trego v. Trego, 565 P.2d 74, 75 (Utah 1977); Smith v. Smith, 564 P.2d 307, 309 (Utah 1977).

In Hogge, the supreme court established a bifurcated procedure to obtain a change of custody: first, the parent seeking modification must establish a substantial change of circumstances occurring subsequent to the divorce; and second, that a change in custody is in the best interests of the child. Hogge, 649 P.2d at 53. However, the supreme court later noted that custody decrees are not always adjudicated, and when they are not, the res judicata policy underlying the changed-circumstances rule should be subservient to the best interests of the child. Elmer v. Elmer, 776 P.2d 599, 603 (Utah 1989). Because an unadjudicated custody decree based on default or stipulation is not based on an objective, impartial determination of the best interests of the child, it may not...