Smith v. US. Dist. Ct. Officers

• Decision Date: 07 February 2000
• Docket Number: Nos. 98-1423,s. 98-1423
• Citation: 203 F.3d 440
• Parties: (7th Cir. 2000) Douglas Smith, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. United States District Court Officers, Defendants-Appellees. & 98-1548
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

Page 440

203 F.3d 440 (7th Cir. 2000)

Douglas Smith, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. United States District Court Officers, Defendants-Appellees.

Nos. 98-1423 & 98-1548

In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit

Submitted December 23, 1999

Decided February 7, 2000

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division. No. IP97-1924-C-H/G--David F. Hamilton, Judge.

Before Posner, Chief Judge, and Ripple and Kanne, Circuit Judges.

Posner, Chief Judge.

Douglas Smith was convicted in federal court some years ago of a drug crime, and he now seeks copies of audiotapes of all the proceedings in his case, claiming that the transcripts were inaccurate. He styled his claim, filed in the district court where he had been convicted, as a claim for a writ of mandamus; but among other conditions on the exercise of the mandamus jurisdiction, the claimant must show that he had no adequate remedy at law, and Smith cannot show this, because as we held in Smith v. United States, 956 F.2d 647 (7th Cir. 1992) (another Smith), there is a federal common law right to access to federal judicial records which can be enforced by means of an ordinary suit under 28 U.S.C. sec. 1331 (the federal-question jurisdiction). But also as in Smith, since nothing turns on whether Douglas Smith's suit is described as a suit for mandamus or a suit to enforce a federal common law right, the district judge should have reclassified the suit rather than (as he did) dismissing it.

The public, including the parties to a suit, have a right of access to the records of a judicial proceeding. E.g., In re Associated Press, 162 F.3d 503, 506 (7th Cir. 1998); San Jose Mercury News, Inc. v. U.S. District Court, 198 F.3d 1096, 1102 (9th Cir. 1999); United States v. Smith, 123 F.3d 140, 155 (3d Cir. 1997). The right is not absolute, but none of the exceptions is applicable to this case. The question presented by the present case--a question on which we cannot find any case law--is whether, or more precisely when, audiotapes of a judicial proceeding should be deemed judicial records within the meaning of the access rule. We can get help from the statute that governs the use of court reporters in federal courts. 27 U.S.C. sec. 753. It requires that proceedings in open court be recorded verbatim, but permits the recording to be done by any reliable method, including taping; and it also requires the reporter to file the "original records" in court. sec. 753(b). At a minimum, those records are judicial records within the meaning of the access rule. It follows that if an audiotape is the only record made of a proceeding, it must be filed with the court. This understanding is confirmed by regulations issued by the Judicial Conference of the United States, 6 Guide to Judiciary Policies and Procedures sec. 16.4.4 (Court Reporters Manual) (Jan. 1998), pursuant to a statutory delegation of authority to flesh out the provisions of section 753. See sec. 753(b). At least one of the audiotapes that Smith wants is the original record of a part of the criminal proceeding against him, namely a pretrial hearing held on April 29, 1993. A transcript was made from the tape, but the transcript is not the original; the tape is. As to that tape and any others that are likewise the original (rather than merely a backup) record of a stage in the proceedings, he has a right of access that the district court unjustifiably denied.

Regarding audiotapes that merely back up the court reporter's stenographic record, the regulations we have just cited make these the personal property of the reporter except as to audiotapes of arraignments, changes of plea, and sentencing hearings. 6 Guide to Judiciary Policies and Procedures, supra, sec.sec. 16.4.1, 16.4.4. We do not think that these should be deemed judicial records,...