Smith v. Wakefield, LP
| Decision Date | 27 February 2019 |
| Docket Number | No. 28,28 |
| Parties | GREGORY SMITH v. WAKEFIELD, LP |
| Court | Court of Special Appeals of Maryland |
Landlord-Tenant Law - Residential Leases - Statute of Limitations. The statute of limitations applicable to actions for back rent under residential leases is three years pursuant to Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §5-101, regardless of whether the lease includes a seal or language that purports to convert it into a contract under seal subject to a 12-year period of limitations under Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article, §5-102.
Limitations - Modifying Statutes of Limitation by Agreement. The three-year period of limitations applicable to actions for back rent under residential leases is not subject to modification by agreement, in light of Maryland Code, Real Property Article, §8-208(d).
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-18-000566
Barbera, C.J., Greene McDonald Watts Hotten Getty Adkins, Sally D. (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned), JJ.
Opinion by McDonald, J.
For three centuries, Maryland law has provided that an action seeking payment of back rent for a residential lease is to be brought before the expiration of a three-year period of limitations. That period of limitations is currently reflected in Maryland Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article ("CJ"), §5-101. In recent decades, the question has arisen whether the period of limitations for such an action may be extended to 12 years by converting a residential lease into a "contract under seal" so that it might be regarded as a "specialty" - a type of action for which another statute, CJ §5-102, provides the longer period of limitations. In Tipton v. Partner's Management Co., 364 Md. 419 (2001), this Court said "no," but that answer was a partial one, as it was based on the characteristics of the particular lease in that case. This is the sequel.
In 2007, Petitioner Gregory Smith entered into a month-to-month lease for an apartment in Baltimore City. It is undisputed that he remained in the apartment only a few months before vacating it and ceasing to pay rent. The circumstances under which he left are in dispute. According to the landlord, Respondent Wakefield, LP ("Wakefield"), Mr. Smith was evicted for failure to pay rent in 2008; according to Mr. Smith, he gave appropriate notice for terminating the lease and left voluntarily.
Seven years later, in 2015, Wakefield brought suit against Mr. Smith seeking to recover unpaid rent that it claimed Mr. Smith owed from 2008. When the case finally came to trial in 2018, Mr. Smith asserted that Wakefield had not filed suit within the three-year period of limitations in CJ §5-101 that applies to actions seeking back rent. Wakefield argued that the lease qualified as a "contract under seal" and that the 12-year statute of limitations set forth in CJ §5-102 applied. If Wakefield is correct, its suit was timely; if Mr. Smith is correct, it was not.
The District Court sitting in Baltimore City agreed with Wakefield's argument and entered a judgment in its favor. On appeal, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City reached the same conclusion.
We reverse. We hold that actions for back rent under residential leases are subject to a three-year period of limitations - as they have been for the past three centuries in Maryland - regardless of whether the lease includes provisions that purport to convert it into a contract under seal. To the extent that such provisions might be considered an agreement to modify the otherwise applicable period of limitations, such an agreement would be contrary to the State's landlord-tenant law and unreasonable under the particular circumstances of this case.
Two statutes that set forth limitations periods are relevant to this case. First, the general statute of limitations for civil actions prescribes a three-year limitations period. It states:
A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of time within which an action shall be commenced.
CJ §5-101. Another statute provides a longer 12-year period of limitations for bringing certain types of actions classified as "specialties." It states, in pertinent part:
(a) An action on one of the following specialties shall be filed within 12 years after the cause of action accrues, or within 12 years from the date of the death of the last to die of the principal debtor or creditor, whichever is sooner:
...
(5) Contract under seal ...
This Court considered the possible application of these two statutes of limitations to an action seeking to recover back rent nearly two decades ago in Tipton v. Partner's Management Co., 364 Md. 419 (2001). That case concerned a residential lease. The landlord and tenant entered into a one-year lease beginning in January 1992. Just above the signature lines on the pre-printed lease form appeared the legend: "IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have set their hands and seals the day and year first above written." 364 Md. at 423 (emphasis added). In addition, the word "SEAL" appeared in parentheses at the end of the signature line. Id.
The tenant was evicted from the property in November 1992 for failure to pay rent. The landlord sent the tenant a letter requesting payment, but did not take any legal action to collect the back rent for approximately seven years. In 1999, an agent of the landlord filed a complaint in the District Court. The tenant raised a defense that the suit had beenfiled well after the three-year period of limitations provided in CJ §5-101. The landlord responded that the lease was a "contract under seal" and that, accordingly, the 12-year period of limitations provided in CJ §5-102(a)(5) applied. The District Court, in a decision affirmed by the Circuit Court on appeal, agreed with the landlord and denied the tenant's motion to dismiss the complaint.
This Court granted a writ of certiorari to consider whether the lease in question was a contract under seal - i.e., a specialty - and, if so, whether application of the period of limitations under CJ §5-102(a)(5) would be "repugnant" to certain provisions of the State landlord-tenant law providing protections to tenants in residential leases. 364 Md. at 422. The Court ultimately concluded that the lease in question was not a "contract under seal" and, therefore, the 12-year period of limitations for specialty actions did not supersede the three-year period of limitations set forth in CJ §5-101 in that case. The Court was careful to say that it was not resolving whether application of the 12-year period of limitations would conflict with provisions of the State landlord-tenant law. Id.
In reaching its disposition of the case, the Court observed that documents and instruments concerning the conveyancing of real property, such as leases, had long been executed "under seal" without any intention of creating a specialty action. 364 Md. at 425-34. The Court also recounted, in elaborate detail, the legislative history of CJ §5-101 and observed that historically Maryland law had applied a three-year period of limitations to actions for back rent since colonial times. It noted that the enactment of CJ §5-101 was a product of code revision and that there was no evidence that the General Assembly intended to change the longstanding period of limitations applicable to actions for backrent. Id. at 434-45. The Court stated that "[w]ithout evidence of [legislative] intent, we will not ... hold that the statute of limitations was changed in respect to leases during a general recodification." Id. at 446.
The Court reiterated the results of its analysis in three separate sentences beginning "We hold ...." A difference in the language of one of those sentences may have significance for this case. First, at the outset of the opinion, the Court previewed what was to come:
We hold that a residential lease agreement, even if the lease agreement has the word seal affixed, is subject to the three-year limitation period enunciated in [CJ §5-101].
364 Md. at 422. In a footnote appended to that sentence, the Court observed that parties could agree to waive an otherwise applicable statute of limitations, but that a seal alone would not effect such a waiver. Id. at 422 n.3.
Second, at the beginning of the "Discussion" section of the opinion, the Court again summarized its holding in similar language:
We hold that actions for rent arrears under any kind of residential lease must be filed in compliance with [CJ §5-101].
364 Md. at 425. A footnote appended to that sentence cross-referenced the footnote concerning waiver that appeared with the prior statement of the holding. Id. at 425 n.9.2
Thus, the first two iterations of the holding in Tipton simply state that actions for back rent are subject to the three-year period of limitations in CJ §5-101, that limitations periods may be waived, and that a seal does not suffice to effect such a waiver.
Finally, in the concluding paragraph of the Tipton opinion, the Court reprised its holding in a passage that sets the stage for this case. The Court stated:
We hold that claims for arrearages of rent under a residential lease, even a lease to which a seal is affixed, must be filed within the three-year limitation period unless the parties to the lease agree, in the body of the lease, that the lease is subject to the twelve-year limitation period of section 5-102.
364 Md. at 445. As is evident, the first clause of that sentence restated the Court's conclusion concerning the lease that was before it. Unlike the previous two instances, however, the Court did not qualify its holding with a reference to the possibility of waiver of limitations. Instead, the second clause of the sentence following the word "unless" addressed a somewhat...
To continue reading
Request your trial