Sorin Equipment Co., Inc. v. The Firm, Inc.

• Citation: 323 S.C. 359,474 S.E.2d 819
• Decision Date: 06 March 1996
• Docket Number: No. 2537,2537
• Parties: SORIN EQUIPMENT CO., INC., Appellant, v. THE FIRM, INC., Respondent. . Heard
• Court: Court of Appeals of South Carolina

Page 819

474 S.E.2d 819

323 S.C. 359

SORIN EQUIPMENT CO., INC., Appellant, v. THE FIRM, INC., Respondent.

No. 2537.

Court of Appeals of South Carolina.

Heard March 6, 1996.

Decided July 8, 1996.

Rehearing Denied Sept. 12, 1996.

Certiorari Denied Feb. 24, 1997.

Eric S. Bland, Steven Kapustin and Mary Connell Elam, Columbia, for appellant.

J. Kershaw Spong and D. Reece Williams, III, Robinson, McFadden & Moore, Columbia, for respondent.

CONNOR, Judge:

Sorin Equipment designs and manufactures custom exercise equipment. The Firm operates exercise studios and sells exercise videos and equipment. Sorin appeals the trial judge's grant of judgment notwithstanding the verdict on one cause of action, and his grant of a new trial on damages on another cause of action. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

I. FACTS

In September 1991, Liz Guarnieri, a representative of The Firm, asked Richard Sorin, the owner of Sorin Equipment, to produce a customized exercise bar to be used in a forthcoming aerobic video tape. She explained she was in charge of this project, and told Sorin he should deal directly with her.

Sorin designed the prototype at no charge. However, because he wanted to protect his idea, he required Guarnieri to sign an agreement providing, "the design and manufacturing rights of the Bar and Holder are the exclusive property of Sorin Equipment Company."

Thereafter, Guarnieri, who had not read the agreement carefully before signing it, remembered The Firm had a policy of retaining design and manufacturing rights to products it sold. Although she did not contact Sorin, she did discuss her mistake with Mike Stone, The Firm's general manager.

Stone met with Sorin on October 3rd and advised him The Firm did not consider the agreement legally binding. The two met again in mid-October. Even though they still disagreed about the design and manufacturing rights to the bar, Stone ordered seventy-eight barbells and two holders at this meeting. Subsequently, Sorin filled the orders, and The Firm paid the purchase price of $7,889.70.

In late October, Stone wrote Sorin proposing a compromise in which The Firm would keep all ownership and marketing rights to the bar, and Sorin would retain exclusive manufacturing rights for one year. Sorin rejected this proposal. A month later Stone asked Sorin for quotations on some barbells, but, because they had never reached an agreement, Sorin never responded to his letter. The Firm then hired another manufacturer to produce basically the same bar Sorin had designed.

Sorin sued The Firm, alleging breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and fraud in the inducement. The trial court granted The Firm's motion for summary judgment on breach of contract, but allowed Sorin to amend its complaint to include quantum meruit.

The court bifurcated liability and damages. Thereafter, the jury found in Sorin's favor on his three remaining causes of action. The judge granted The Firm's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on fraud and promissory estoppel. Subsequently, during the damages phase of the trial, the jury awarded Sorin $150,000 for quantum meruit. The court then granted The Firm's motion for a new trial on that cause of action on the issue of damages only. Sorin appeals the grant of judgment notwithstanding the verdict on fraud and the ruling granting a new trial on damages.

II. ISSUES AND DISCUSSION

A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction

The Firm asserts, for the first time on appeal, that Sorin's claims for damages based on the total sales of the barbells are preempted under the federal Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 through 810 (1977 & Supp.1995), and that we lack subject matter jurisdiction. The parties have stipulated the barbell is not patentable. In addition, Sorin does not seek damages for copyright infringement or for the unauthorized use of its product. Rather, Sorin seeks damages for the series of events beginning before the prototype was developed and ending with The Firm's contract with a third party to manufacture barbells.

Accordingly, we find Sorin's claims are not within the subject matter of the Copyright Act, and are not preempted. See Griggs v. SCE & G, 320 S.C. 127, 463 S.E.2d 608 (1995) (recipe author's state law tort claims against sponsor of cooking contest were preempted by Copyright Act), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 116 S.Ct. 1545, 134 L.Ed.2d 648 (1996).

B. New Trial on Damages

Sorin first argues the trial judge erred in granting a new trial on damages. However, the parties disagree about whether the judge granted a new trial absolute or a new trial under the thirteenth juror doctrine. Sorin argues the judge granted a new trial absolute, whereas The Firm alleges he ruled under the thirteenth juror doctrine.

The judge's order stated:

The verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence, is not supported by the evidence and is grossly excessive and unreasonable.

It contained no factual findings nor evidentiary conclusions.

A trial judge must grant a new trial absolute if the amount of the verdict is grossly inadequate or excessive so as to be the result of passion, caprice, prejudice, or some other influence outside the evidence. O'Neal v. Bowles, 314 S.C. 525, 431 S.E.2d 555 (1993). The judge must set out the reasons for granting or denying new trial motions based on inadequacy or excessiveness of the verdict. Cf. Pelican Bldg. Ctrs. of Horry-Georgetown, Inc. v. Dutton, 311 S.C. 56, 427 S.E.2d 673 (1993) (compelling reasons must be given justifying invading the jury's province in this matter).

On the other hand, under the thirteenth juror doctrine, a trial judge may grant a new trial if the judge believes the verdict is unsupported by the evidence. Folkens v. Hunt, 300 S.C. 251, 387 S.E.2d 265 (1990). Similarly, the judge may grant a new trial if the verdict is inconsistent and reflects the jury's confusion. Johnson v. Parker, 279 S.C. 132, 303 S.E.2d 95 (1983). In ruling on a new trial motion as the thirteenth juror, the trial judge may weigh the evidence and rely on his or her view of the circumstances. Fallon v. Rucks, 217 S.C. 180, 60 S.E.2d 88 (1950). It is not necessary to justify the ruling with factual findings. Folkens v. Hunt. Basically, the circumstances are as though the judge, as the thirteenth juror, "hangs" the jury. Id.

Here, in light of the trial judge's express wording and the absence of facts on which his decision is based, we believe he intended to invoke the thirteenth juror doctrine.

The trial court has discretion to grant a new trial based on the thirteenth juror doctrine, and his ruling will not be disturbed on appeal unless the decision is wholly unsupported by the evidence or unless the conclusion he reached was controlled by an error of law. Id.; accord Todd v. Owen Indus. Prods., Inc., 315 S.C. 34, 431 S.E.2d 596 (Ct.App.1993) (in an appeal of an order granting a new trial on the facts, an appellant has a heavy burden in demonstrating it clearly appeared the judge's exercise of discretion was controlled by a manifest error of law).

In this case the judge did commit an error of law during the trial when he ruled the measure of damages in an action for quantum meruit was limited to the value of services rendered. In an action in quantum meruit, the measure of recovery is the value of the benefit conferred on the defendant. Stringer Oil Co. v. Bobo, 320 S.C. 369, 465 S.E.2d 366 (Ct.App.1995). However, we cannot find an error of law on this basis because this issue has not been appealed. See Rule 207(b)(1)(B), SCACR (no point will be considered which is not set forth in the statement of the issues on appeal).

Neither can we say the judge's holding that the verdict was "grossly excessive and unreasonable" is wholly unsupported by the evidence. This is especially true in light of his erroneous, but unappealed, ruling that the measure of Sorin's damages was the value of Sorin's services to The Firm. ¹

Sorin testified at trial he delivered the prototype approximately nineteen working days after Guarnieri first contacted him. His usual hourly rate for consulting work was $50 to $150 per hour, while that of his two employees was $15 per hour. He had six or seven employees at the time. He could not estimate the amount of time he and his employees had spent on the bar, but no one had worked on the bar full time. Given our limited scope of review, we cannot say the judge's ruling was without evidentiary support. ²

We therefore affirm the judge's grant of a new trial on damages only.

C. Fraudulent Inducement

Sorin additionally contends the trial court erred in granting The Firm's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on fraud in the inducement.

In reviewing a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the trial court must view the evidence and its inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Shupe v. Settle, 315 S.C. 510, 445 S.E.2d 651 (Ct.App.1994). The jury's verdict must be upheld if there is any evidence to sustain the factual findings implicit in the verdict. Id.

The trial judge granted Sorin's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on fraud because he characterized Guarnieri's signed agreement as "a promise to buy bars from Sorin Equipment in the future." He then reasoned The Firm fulfilled its promise by subsequently purchasing seventy-eight bars from Sorin Equipment. Therefore, he ruled as a matter of law that The Firm's promise was genuine when made.

To establish fraud, a party must prove: (1) a representation; (2) its falsity; (3) its materiality; (4) either...