Southern Nev. Homebuilders v. Clark County

• Decision Date: 11 August 2005
• Docket Number: No. 42418.,42418.
• Parties: SOUTHERN NEVADA HOMEBUILDERS ASSOCIATION, Appellant, v. CLARK COUNTY, a Political Subdivision of the State of Nevada; Citizens for Smart Growth; Concerned Citizens of Logandale; Northwest Citizens Association; Charles Carter; Mary Duehlmeier; Carolyn Edwards; George Hitter; and Lisa Mayo-De Riso, Respondents.
• Court: Nevada Supreme Court

Page 171

117 P.3d 171

SOUTHERN NEVADA HOMEBUILDERS ASSOCIATION, Appellant, v. CLARK COUNTY, a Political Subdivision of the State of Nevada; Citizens for Smart Growth; Concerned Citizens of Logandale; Northwest Citizens Association; Charles Carter; Mary Duehlmeier; Carolyn Edwards; George Hitter; and Lisa Mayo-De Riso, Respondents.

No. 42418.

Supreme Court of Nevada.

August 11, 2005.

Kummer Kaempfer Bonner & Renshaw and Christopher L. Kaempfer and James E. Smyth II, Las Vegas; Lubbers Law Group and Edward C. Lubbers, Las Vegas, for Appellant.

David J. Roger, District Attorney, and Robert T. Warhola, Deputy District Attorney, Clark County, for Respondent Clark County.

Law Office of Garry L. Hayes and Garry L. Hayes and Martin L. Welsh, Henderson, for Respondents Citizens for Smart Growth, Concerned Citizens of Logandale, Northwest Citizens Association, Carter, Duehlmeier, Edwards, Hitter, and Mayo-De Riso.

Before ROSE, GIBBONS and HARDESTY, JJ.

OPINION

HARDESTY, J.

The Clark County Board of Commissioners approved a debated zoning ordinance that required supermajority (two-thirds) board approval of nonconforming zone change applications. The ordinance's enabling statute, NRS 278.260, is silent as to whether supermajority approval is authorized. The district court concluded that the construction of other relevant statutes, together with silence on the matter in NRS 278.260, amounted to a broad grant of authority to the County Commissioners and declared the supermajority voting provision valid.

We conclude that there is no support for the district court's construction. Silence on voting requirements in a statute indicates the Legislature's desire that only a simple majority approval be met. And there are no other statutes upon which the supermajority approval requirement can be properly grounded. Further, the County Commissioners have not demonstrated any contrary legislative intent, and public policy considerations do not support their position. Therefore, declaratory relief validating the supermajority voting requirement was improper.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In February 2003, the County Commissioners approved Clark County Ordinance 2865. The ordinance requires a comprehensive update of the Clark County master plan at least once every five years and sets forth new procedures to amend zone change applications that do not conform to the master plan. These new procedures also prohibit the County Commissioners from considering nonconforming zone change applications within two years of a master plan update. Once this two-year period expires, the County Commissioners may consider nonconforming zone change applications once each quarter, but approval of such requests may only occur if the applicant meets certain compelling justification requirements not at issue here and satisfies the ordinance's new supermajority approval requirement.

During the public hearings held as part of the approval process for this ordinance, representatives for Southern Nevada Homebuilders Association (SNHA) voiced their opposition. SNHA's opposition was unsuccessful, and the County Commissioners approved the ordinance.

Once the ordinance was adopted, Clark County, joined by various citizens and citizens groups, filed an action in district court seeking a declaration that the ordinance is valid and not in conflict with NRS 278.260. SNHA filed a counterclaim, asserting that the supermajority voting requirement in the ordinance is invalid because it is inconsistent with NRS 278.260.

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Clark County and the citizens groups, holding that county commissions were given broad grants of power by the Legislature. In particular, the district court held that the grants of power found in NRS 278.260 and NRS 278.230(2) provide mechanisms by which the County Commissioners could require supermajority approval of nonconforming zone change applications. In so holding, the district court also determined that our decision in Falcke v. Douglas County,¹ which invalidated a different supermajority voting requirement based on a conflict with its enabling statute, was not controlling in this instance. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Standard of review

The issue in this case is one of statutory construction, which is a question of law, and is reviewed de novo, without deference to the district court's conclusions.² When interpreting a statute, this court must give its terms their plain meaning, considering its provisions as a whole so as to read them "in a way that would not render words or phrases superfluous or make a provision nugatory."³ Further, it is the duty of this court, when possible, to interpret provisions within a common statutory scheme "harmoniously with one another in accordance with the general purpose of those statutes" and to avoid unreasonable or absurd results, thereby giving effect to the Legislature's intent.⁴

NRS 278.260 does not authorize the adoption of a supermajority voting requirement to approve nonconforming zone change applications

NRS 278.260 is an enabling statute, providing the County Commissioners with the power to effect zoning decisions and, in particular, to decide nonconforming zone change applications. NRS 278.260(1) gives the County Commissioners authority to "provide for the manner in which zoning regulations and restrictions . . . are determined, established, enforced and amended."⁵ This grant of power is more broadly enumerated in NRS 278.020, which provides that the County Commissioners are "authorized and empowered to regulate and restrict the improvement of land and to control the location and soundness of structures" in order to promote the "health, safety, morals, or the general welfare of the community." The statutes, however, are silent on whether voting requirements to approve nonconforming zone change applications require simple or supermajority approval.

The Nevada Legislature has specifically legislated voting requirements for other land planning applications within NRS Chapter 278.⁶ No zoning application statute in Nevada, however, requires supermajority approval in any instance. In Falcke, this court compared a different NRS Chapter 278 enabling statute, NRS 287.220, with a related statute, NRS 278.210. NRS 278.220 provides for the County Commissioners' approval of master plan amendments, but, like the statute at issue here, does not expressly provide for a supermajority voting requirement regarding such amendments. NRS 278.210(2), on the other hand, expressly requires that, at the earlier stage, when a planning commission approves plan amendments, it "must be by resolution of the commission carried by the affirmative votes of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the commission." Thus, in Falcke, we held that given the express language requiring a supermajority vote for approval in NRS 278.210(2) and the absence of similar language in NRS 278.220, the Legislature's omission in the former statute reflects its intent to require approval only by a simple majority.⁷

We further stated in Falcke that NRS Chapter 278 provides a "comprehensive statutory framework"⁸ and that our decision was necessary to provide guidance to the counties of this state in "following the dictates of NRS Chapter 278."⁹ When a statutory scheme is in place, deference should be given to that scheme.¹⁰ A common statutory scheme exists in this instance, within which NRS 278.260 and NRS 278.220 are both found. As a result, the Falcke court's reasoning is instructive in this instance. When a statute does not express specific or heightened voting requirements, this court will not take it upon itself to fill in such requirements, for "`it is not the business of this court to fill in alleged legislative omissions based on conjecture as to what the legislature would or should have done.'"¹¹ Therefore, we conclude that, by its failure to state otherwise, the Legislature intended only simple majority approval of nonconforming zone change applications under NRS 278.260.

Clark County and the citizens groups argue that NRS 278.250(4) and NRS 278.260(1) authorize the County Commissioners to impose supermajority approval requirements because they broadly grant the governing body power over zoning issues;¹² however, neither provision expressly authorizes a supermajority voting requirement. Further, accepting this argument would necessarily lead to the conclusion that a county could require a vote of 80% or 90% majority. Nothing in the legislative history of NRS Chapter 278 suggests that the Legislature intended to delegate that kind of power to the counties' governing bodies. Although the Nevada Legislature has expressly required heightened approval requirements in a number of other contexts,¹³ it has not provided for imposing a supermajority voting requirement for nonconforming zone change applications, and we will not infer one here.

We conclude, therefore, that the ordinance's supermajority approval requirement violates its enabling statute, NRS 278.260.

No other statutory provision provides a basis for a supermajority voting requirement

SNHA further contends that the district court erred when it concluded that NRS 278.230(2) or NRS 281.501(5) provide a statutory basis for upholding the ordinance. We agree.

The district court cited NRS 278.230(2) in support of its conclusion that the Legislature expressly authorized the County Commissioners to adopt a supermajority voting rule. However, reliance on this subsection for authority to establish voting requirements is improper. NRS 278.230(2) provides, "[T]he governing body may adopt and use such procedures as may be necessary for this purpose." But this subsection must be read in the context of NRS 278.230(1) and the statutory scheme in which it appears. NRS 278.230(1) concerns the implementation of a master plan by the governing body once a master plan has been adopted. It does not, therefore, govern the...