Specter v. Garrett, Civ. A. No. 91-4322.

• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Pennsylvania
• Citation: Specter v. Garrett, 777 F.Supp. 1226 (E.D. Pa. 1991)
• Decision Date: 01 November 1991
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 91-4322.
• Parties: Sen. Arlen SPECTER, et al. v. H. Lawrence GARRETT, III, Secretary of the Navy, et al.

777 F. Supp. 1226

Sen. Arlen SPECTER, et al. v. H. Lawrence GARRETT, III, Secretary of the Navy, et al.

Civ. A. No. 91-4322.

United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.

November 1, 1991.

David H. Pittinsky, Bruce W. Kauffman, Dilworth, Paxson, Kalish & Kauffman, Philadelphia, Pa., for plaintiffs.

Vincent M. Garvey, Dept. of Justice, Civ. Div., David J. Anderson, Mark W. Batten, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendants.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

BUCKWALTER, District Judge.

I will grant the defendants' motion to dismiss because:

(a) the statute precludes judicial review; and

(b) the political question doctrine forecloses judicial intervention.

A. THE STATUTE PRECLUDES JUDICIAL REVIEW

Plaintiffs have asserted that their right to judicial review for Counts I and II arises under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 551-706 (1977), hereafter APA.

The presumption of judicial review of federal agency action under the APA is well established. See Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 141, 87 S.Ct. 1507, 1511, 18 L.Ed.2d 681 (1967). This presumption, like all presumptions used in interpreting statutes, may be overcome by the appropriate showing of congressional intent. Block v. Community Nutrition Institute, 467 U.S. 340, 349, 104 S.Ct. 2450, 2455, 81 L.Ed.2d 270 (1984). The APA specifically provides two methods for overcoming the presumption of judicial review in § 701(a). For purposes of this case, we are concerned only with the first method in § 701(a)(1), which provides for no judicial review under the APA "to the extent that — (1) statutes preclude judicial review ..." 5 U.S.C. §§ 701(a)(1) (1977).

In determining whether a statute precludes judicial review, the Supreme Court has instructed courts to look at "specific language or specific legislative history that is a reliable indicator of congressional intent," "the collective import of legislative and judicial history behind a particular statute," and "inferences of intent drawn from the statutory scheme as a whole." Block, 467 U.S. at 349, 104 S.Ct. at 2456. As long as the congressional intent to preclude judicial review is "fairly discernible in the statutory scheme," the presumption favoring judicial review has been overcome. Id. at 351, 104 S.Ct. at 2456.

Applying these standards, the court finds that the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 precludes judicial review for the following reasons. Initially, specific language in the legislative history of the Act indicates a congressional intent to preclude judicial review. The House Conference Report provides:

The rulemaking (5 U.S.C. 553) and adjudication (5 U.S.C. 554) provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.) contain explicit exemptions for "the conduct of military or foreign affairs function." An action falling within this exception, as the decision to clear and realign bases surely does, is immune from the provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act dealing with hearings (5 U.S.C. 556) and final agency decisions (5 U.S.C. 557). Due to the military affairs exception to the Administrative Procedure Act, no final agency action occurs in the case of various actions required under the base closure process contained in this bill. These actions, therefore, would not be subject to the rulemaking and adjudication requirements, and would not be subject to judicial review. Specific actions which would not be subject to judicial review include the issuance of a force structure plan ..., the issuance of selection criteria ..., the Secretary of Defense's recommendation of closures and realignments of military installations ..., the decision of the President ..., and the Secretary's actions to carry out the recommendations of the Commission. ...

H.R.Conf.Rep. 101-923, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 706, reprinted in 1990 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3110, 3258.

This passage in the legislative history expresses a clear congressional intent to preclude judicial review under the APA of all actions taken pursuant to the Base Closure Act.

Other indicia of statutory intent to preclude judicial review is the Act's concern with "the timely closure and realignment of military installations." Section 2901(b). The House Conference Report stated a desire for the base closure process under the 1990 Act to correct the failings of the base closure process under the then existing law, which included that closures and realignments "take a considerable period of time and involve numerous opportunities for challenge in court." H.R.Conf.Rep. 101-923, 101st Cong.2d Sess. 705, reprinted in 1990 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3110, 3257. The Report further stated that the new process under the 1990 Act "involving an independent, outside commission will permit base closures to go forward in a prompt and rational manner." Id.

This language in the legislative history indicates that there was concern that judicial review of base closures had been preventing the base closure process from moving forward in a timely manner. The desire to correct this shortcoming under the then existing law further supports the contention that no judicial review was contemplated by the 1990 Act. While the arguments proposed by both sides on this issue are extensive, I have written this memorandum in a rather summary fashion in the interest of time, but not at the expense of a thorough analysis of the arguments on both sides. In brief, I find that the intent to preclude judicial review is "fairly discernible in the statutory scheme."

B. THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE FORECLOSES JUDICIAL INTERVENTION

"Our discussion, even at the price of extending this opinion, requires review of a number of political question cases, in order to expose the attributes of the doctrine — attributes which, in various settings, diverge, combine, appear and disappear in seemingly disorderliness". Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 210, 82 S.Ct. 691, 706, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1962).

Based on my own review of ca...