St. Mary's Byzantine Church v. Mantich

• Decision Date: 30 March 1987
• Docket Number: No. 37A03-8604-CV-122,37A03-8604-CV-122
• Citation: 505 N.E.2d 811
• Parties: ST. MARY'S BYZANTINE CHURCH, Appellant (Defendant Below) v. Michael MANTICH and Marie Mantich, Appellees (Plaintiffs Below)
• Court: Indiana Appellate Court

Page 811

505 N.E.2d 811

ST. MARY'S BYZANTINE CHURCH, Appellant (Defendant Below) v. Michael MANTICH and Marie Mantich, Appellees (Plaintiffs Below)

No. 37A03-8604-CV-122.

Court of Appeals of Indiana Third District.

March 30, 1987.

Rehearing Denied May 7, 1987.

David C. Jensen, John M. McCrum, Eichhorn, Eichhorn and Link, Hammond, for appellant.

David E. Wickland, Munster, for appellees.

HOFFMAN, Judge.

St. Mary's Byzantine Church is appealing from an adverse judgment rendered in favor of the plaintiff-appellee Marie Mantich. This personal injury action was heard by a jury, which awarded Mrs. Mantich $75,000.00. There is no significant dispute over the facts which are simply stated.

Mrs. Mantich had been an active member of St. Mary's for many years, attending the church nearly every day. Over the last 15 years, Mrs. Mantich had volunteered to prepare meals for church functions, perhaps 40 or 50 times. The church kitchen, where Mrs. Mantich cooked the meals was adjoined by a storeroom. Access to this storeroom was gained by walking up a ramp which had been constructed to facilitate moving wheeled carts between the two rooms.

On the Sunday before August 5, 1980 Mrs. Mantich was asked to help prepare a meal for a church function. Accordingly, on the 5th of August, she and several other church members spent the morning cooking in the kitchen. While completing the preparations Mrs. Mantich started up the ramp. She took a couple of steps, tripped and fell hard. As a consequence she suffered serious injuries including some permanent impairment.

Undisputed testimony, from Mrs. Mantich's experts, established that the ramp was constructed in violation of state building codes. The ramp had a slope of 1 inch of vertical rise for every 5.8 inches of horizontal distance. The experts testified that a ramp such as this could only be properly constructed with no more than 1 inch of rise for every 8 horizontal inches.

Mrs. Mantich testified that she did not trip over her own feet, and that there were no obstructions, nor any grease on the ramp's rubberized surface. Instead, Mrs. Mantich asserted that she fell simply because the ramp was too steep. She also testified that during her 15 years of cooking meals at the church she had used the ramp hundreds of times, and that she had always been aware that the ramp was dangerously steep. Mrs. Mantich testified further that she had previously seen a man fall on the ramp and that she had long been afraid of the ramp, but she did not think she would fall, because of her strong religious faith.

St. Mary's moved for judgment on the evidence after Mrs. Mantich's presentation and again at the close of all the evidence. St. Mary's argued that the evidence conclusively proved its defenses of contributory negligence and incurred risk. The trial court denied the motions and the jury ultimately awarded Mrs. Mantich $75,000.00. On appeal St. Mary's raises three issues; however, it is only necessary to discuss two of these, which are:

(1) whether the trial court's limiting instruction on incurred risk was supported by the evidence; and

(2) whether the trial court improperly failed to grant St. Mary's motion for judgment on the evidence.

As part of its final instructions, the trial court gave a number of instructions on incurred risk. Among these was the Court's Final Instruction No. 21, which read:

"The doctrine of assumed risk does not apply if a continued exposure to a known risk of injury is due to a lack of reasonable opportunity to escape after the danger is appreciated, or if the continuance of exposure to the danger is a result of influence, circumstances, or surroundings which are a real inducement to continue."

This language is essentially quoted from Ridgway v. Yenny; Ridgway v. Lombardo (1944), 223 Ind. 16, 57 N.E.2d 581 which explains that before one can be held to have legally incurred a risk, the risk must be voluntarily undertaken. There is no dispute that the above instruction is a correct statement of law; however, it is well settled that a proper instruction must not only correctly state the law, it must also be supported by the evidence. See, e.g., Shull v. B.F. Goodrich Co. (1985), Ind.App., 477 N.E.2d 924.

On this issue, St. Mary's argues that the record contains no evidence indicating that Mrs. Mantich's use of the ramp for 15 years, as part of her church activities, was anything other than voluntary. Mrs. Mantich counters that her faith and her dedication to the church constituted circumstances that were a real inducement for her to continue to use the ramp. Application of the pertinent case law to the facts of this case demonstrates that the evidence does not support the instruction.

The case law regarding what events or circumstances provide sufficient justification for a person to undertake an activity without legally incurring its risks is fairly sparse. In Ridgway, supra, the Supreme Court found no incurred risk when the plaintiff failed to abandon a car being driven erratically, where the weather was inclement and the terrain was unfamiliar. In Coleman et ux. v. DeMoss (1969), 144 Ind.App. 408, 246 N.E.2d 483, the Court of Appeals found sufficient evidence of inducement to preclude finding incurred risk, as a matter of law, where the plaintiff-tenant continued to cross a dangerous ditch from her parking spot designated by the landlord to her house, where an alternate route was much longer and required crossing a busy street. Again, in Meadowlark Farms, Inc. v. Warken (1978), 176 Ind.App. 437, 376 N.E.2d 122, the Court found sufficient evidence of...