Stafford v. Unsell

• Decision Date: 24 June 1986
• Docket Number: No. 85,85
• Citation: 492 So.2d 94
• Parties: Edward Earl STAFFORD, et al. v. Todd R. UNSELL, et al. CA 0456.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US

Page 94

492 So.2d 94

Edward Earl STAFFORD, et al. v. Todd R. UNSELL, et al.

No. 85 CA 0456.

Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.

June 24, 1986.

Jack M. Dampf, Baton Rouge, for Edward Earl Stafford, individually and on behalf of his minor son, Edward Earl Stafford Jr.

Todd R. Rossi, Baton Rouge, for American Hardware Mut. Ins. Co.

Horace A. Lane, Baton Rouge, for Madeline W. McConnell, James Wilson McConnell, State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., Todd R. Unsell and William R. Russell.

Before LOTTINGER, CRAIN and PONDER ^*, JJ.

CRAIN, Judge.

This is a suit brought on the behalf of a guest passenger involved in an intersectional accident. The plaintiff, Edward Stafford, Sr. sues individually and on behalf of his minor son, Edward Stafford, Jr. (Scooter). Defendants are Todd Unsell, the driver of the car Scooter was riding in; Madeline McConnell, the driver of the other car involved in the collision; her automobile insurer, State Farm; and Stafford, Sr.'s uninsured motorist carrier, American Mutual Hardware. Apparently, Unsell was uninsured and although named as a defendant, the plaintiffs were unable to locate him and he was never served. After trial a jury rendered a verdict finding Unsell 100% negligent and Madeline McConnell free from fault (0% negligent). Damages were awarded in a lump sum of $35,000. Both American Mutual and the plaintiffs timely moved for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) and alternatively for a new trial on the grounds that the jury's finding that McConnell was free from fault was clearly contrary to the law and evidence. Plaintiffs also sought to have the damage award increased.

The trial court granted the JNOV, finding that McConnell was 30% negligent and that Unsell was 70% negligent. The motions for a JNOV and a new trial on damages were denied. The judgment rendered American Mutual, McConnell and State Farm solidarily liable for $35,000, limiting American Mutual's solidary liability to $5,000, the sum of its UM policy limits.

State Farm has appealed, alleging that the trial court erred in granting the JNOV. Plaintiffs answered the appeal alleging the trial court erred in not rendering a JNOV to increase the damage awards or alternatively in not granting a new trial on the issue of damages.

THE ACCIDENT

The accident occurred on February 9, 1982, at approximately 9:30 p.m. in the city of Baton Rouge. It was a cool, clear evening. Scooter was riding as a passenger in the front seat of a car driven by Unsell. They were proceeding southbound in the inside lane of Sherwood Forest Boulevard (Sherwood Forest) near its intersection with Lake Sherwood Boulevard (Lake Sherwood). Sherwood Forest is a major 4 lane thoroughfare with a median or neutral ground between the north and south bound lanes. Lake Sherwood runs east and west and forms a "T" intersection from the east side of Sherwood Forest. Motorists on Sherwood Forest have the right of way. Motorists traveling west on Lake Sherwood must eventually turn north or south onto Sherwood Forest, after encountering a stop sign.

McConnell had been traveling west on Lake Sherwood when she stopped at the sign and attempted to turn left or south on Sherwood Forest. She crossed the north bound lanes of Sherwood Forest and the neutral ground. Immediately upon executing a left turn into the inside southbound lane, her automobile was struck in the rear by the front end of the Unsell vehicle.

Scooter testified at trial in regard to the accident as follows:

We were going down Sherwood Forest south and she pulled out into the median rather slow, and we figured she saw the cars and was going to slow to a stop there and wait for traffic to clear but she eased out in front of us and we--we hit her.

He also stated that they were traveling in a group of cars at about 45 mph, the posted speed limit.

McConnell testified that she came to a complete stop at the sign and waited until traffic was clear in the north bound lane immediately to her left. She then looked right and saw the lights of several cars near a bridge several hundred feet away. She executed her turn and was proceeding southbound when struck by Unsell. She testified that she was certain when she started her turn that she had ample time to safely complete it. She further stated that she thought she made the turn in one continual motion, not stopping or hesitating in the neutral ground. However, she admitted that she never saw the Unsell vehicle.

THE JNOV AND McCONNELL'S NEGLIGENCE

Both sides called expert witnesses as accident reconstructionists. Each used what were essentially the same facts in giving his respective opinion. These opinions were based primarily on the distance from the intersection to the bridge, the posted speed limit, skid marks at the scene and the time required to execute the left turn. State Farm's expert concluded McConnell had sufficient time to safely execute the turn if Unsell had been traveling at the speed limit. On the other hand, plaintiffs' expert concluded that even at the speed limit McConnell's actions made an accident inevitable.

The differences in their conclusions were based on slightly different assumptions used in making their calculations, e.g., exactly where in relation to the bridge the Unsell vehicle was when McConnell executed her turn and how long did it take her to make the turn. McConnell could not be precise in determining where the Unsell vehicle was when she executed her turn, nor in the time taken to do so. Accordingly, each expert made reasonable assumptions that were more favorable to the side for whom they testified. We choose not to review these calculations as it was within the province of the jury to accept or reject testimony of either expert witness as it saw fit. Nevertheless, regardless of which witness the jury may have chosen to favor undisputed evidence impressed the trial court that regardless of Unsell's negligence, McConnell was also guilty of negligence which contributed to the accident.

The correct standard for a trial court to follow in granting a JNOV, is to determine, whether, after considering all the evidence in the light and with all reasonable inferences most favorable to the party opposed to the motion, the evidence points so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of the moving party that reasonable men could not arrive at a contrary verdict on the issue. Robertson v. Penn, 472 So.2d 927 (La.App. 1st Cir.1985), writ denied, 476 So.2d 353 (La.1985); Bickham v. Goings, 460 So.2d 646 (La.App. 1st Cir.1984), writ denied, 462 So.2d 1246 (La.1985). La.C.C.P. art. 1811. It is the duty of this court to determine whether the trial court's findings in rendering the JNOV were manifestly erroneous. Wooten v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 477 So.2d 1142 (La.App. 1st Cir.1985); Bickham, 460 So.2d at 650.

Viewing all the evidence in the light and with all reasonable inferences in favor of McConnell, the following was established: McConnell made a full stop at Lake Sherwood and observed traffic several hundred feet away. She felt she would be able to safely execute a left turn and she proceeded. It took from six to seven seconds for her to leave the stop sign, cross over, and begin heading south on Sherwood Forest Boulevard. Within 35 feet (approximately two car lengths) from the median of the intersection heading south, she was struck in the rear by the Unsell vehicle. In regard to Unsell's conduct, the most reasonable inference from the evidence that can be drawn in favor of McConnell is that Unsell was speeding, but doing no more than 50 mph in a 45 mph zone. Significantly, McConnell's expert would not say that the accident would not have occurred had Unsell been traveling at the posted rate of speed.

The one entirely undisputed fact is that the collision occurred within only 35 feet of the intersection. The trial court concluded that at this distance, McConnell turned in front of Unsell when he was close enough to present an immediate hazard. At 45 mph, Unsell's vehicle would cover the 35 feet in approximately 1/2 of a second. Even after accounting for braking time and reduction of speed, Unsell's traveling at 5 mph over the speed limit was not the sole, substantial cause of the accident.

Part of the duty of a motorist entering another highway from an intersection is to maintain a reasonably continuing observation of the movement of approaching traffic where the vehicles are so close as to constitute an immediate hazard. See Crandall v. Enterprise Electric, Inc., 277 So.2d 247 (La.App. 4th Cir.1973). McConnell took approximately seven seconds to complete the turn. She testified she never saw Unsell's vehicle, but had only observed a "pack" of cars at the bridge when she started her turn. From the evidence it is clear that during her turn she failed to maintain any observation of approaching traffic, failed to see Unsell's vehicle as it approached and failed to yield the right of way. If she had kept a proper lookout, she would have seen his approaching vehicle and determined it was not clear for her to enter the south bound lane of Sherwood Forest. She could have waited in the neutral ground for traffic to clear. The trial judge categorized the jury's finding McConnell free from fault as one of the most erroneous findings of fact he had ever witnessed. We find no manifest error in the trial court's conclusion.

The defendant maintains that the trial court erred in substituting his judgment of the facts for that of the jury, and passing on the credibility of the witnesses and weighing the evidence, contrary to his role in ruling on a JNOV. This contention is not supported by the record. The primary evidentiary facts necessary for the trial court's decision are essentially undisputed. The trial court is predominately determining legal questions which are clearly within its province. Wooten, 477 So.2d at 1142, Rougeau v. Commercial Union Insurance Company, 432 So.2d 1162 (La....