State ex rel. City of Marston v. Mann, 20372

• Citation: 921 S.W.2d 100
• Decision Date: 03 April 1996
• Docket Number: No. 20372,20372
• Parties: STATE of Missouri ex rel. CITY OF MARSTON, Missouri, Relator, v. The Honorable David C. MANN, Judge of the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Respondent.
• Court: Court of Appeal of Missouri (US)

Page 100

921 S.W.2d 100

STATE of Missouri ex rel. CITY OF MARSTON, Missouri, Relator, v. The Honorable David C. MANN, Judge of the Circuit Court of Mississippi County, Respondent.

No. 20372.

Missouri Court of Appeals,

Southern District,

Division One.

April 3, 1996.

Motion for Rehearing or Transfer

Denied April 24, 1996.

Application to Transfer Denied

May 28, 1996.

D. Keith Henson, Paule, Camazine & Blumenthal, P.C., St. Louis, Relator.

Spencer L. Edwards, Dempster, Barkett, McClellan & Edwards, Sikeston, for Respondent.

ORIGINAL PROCEEDING IN PROHIBITION

PER CURIAM.

Judge David C. Mann (Respondent) denied the City of Marston's (Relator) motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted. The motion is based on the defenses of sovereign immunity and the public duty doctrine. The Relator seeks a Writ of Prohibition, alternatively in Mandamus, to restrain Respondent from proceeding with the case against Relator. We issued a Preliminary Order in Prohibition, which we now make absolute as amended.

In the underlying lawsuit, Carl and Peggy Allred (Plaintiffs) allege that Relator is liable in tort to them for injuries suffered by Mr. Allred when his car, and two other cars involved in drag racing, collided at or near the intersection of Highway 61 and Route EE in the city limits. ¹ Plaintiffs allege that drag racing constitutes a dangerous condition within the meaning of § 537.600.1(2), ² because Relator had actual and constructive notice that drag racing was regularly conducted on its roads. Plaintiffs assert that Relator did nothing to prevent the drag racing in that Relator's law enforcement officials failed to provide adequate protection to citizens by not properly supervising Route EE and by failing to investigate complaints of drag racing. Plaintiffs further assert that Relator failed to equip Route EE with "speed bumps" and failed to enact road or traffic regulations to prevent the dangerous condition of drag racing.

Relator raises two points. First, that the trial court erred in overruling Relator's motion to dismiss because Plaintiffs' petition fails to allege facts sufficient to overcome the defense of sovereign immunity; and second, that Plaintiffs' petition fails to state a claim because it alleges actions protected by the public duty doctrine.

Respondent raises an objection that prohibition and mandamus are not proper in this case. We disagree. "Where a defendant has the defense of sovereign immunity, 'prohibition is the appropriate remedy to forebear patently unwarranted and expensive litigation, inconvenience and waste of time and talent.' " State ex rel. Bd. of Trustees v. Russell, 843 S.W.2d 353, 355 (Mo. banc 1992) (quoting State ex rel. New Liberty Hosp. Dist. v. Pratt, 687 S.W.2d 184, 187 (Mo. banc 1985)). "Prohibition is particularly appropriate when the trial court, in a case where the facts are uncontested, wrongly decides a matter of law thereby depriving a party of an absolute defense." State ex rel. Feldman v. Lasky, 879 S.W.2d 783, 784-85 (Mo.App.1994). See also State ex rel. Mo. Dept. of Agric. v. McHenry, 687 S.W.2d 178, 181 (Mo. banc 1985)(approving prohibition in a state sovereign immunity claim).

Plaintiffs' pleadings are given their broadest intendment; all facts alleged are treated as accurate and credible, and all allegations are construed favorably to plaintiff, except that the conclusions of the plaintiff are not admitted. Stevenson v. City of St. Louis Sch. Dist., 820 S.W.2d 609, 611 (Mo.App.1991).

A municipal corporation is a "public entity" within the meaning of § 537.600 and § 537.610. Wollard v. City of Kansas City, 831 S.W.2d 200, 201 (Mo. banc 1992). Except as outlined below, "[a] municipality may be held liable for torts arising out of the performance of proprietary functions but no recovery is allowed for injuries which result from the performance of governmental functions." Lamar v. City of St. Louis, 746 S.W.2d 160, 161 (Mo.App.1988). "A governmental duty is one which is performed for the common good of all. A duty will be deemed proprietary if it is performed for the special benefit or profit of the municipality as a corporate entity." Oberkramer v. City of Ellisville, 650 S.W.2d 286, 295 (Mo.App.1983).

In Jones v. State Highway Comm'n, 557 S.W.2d 225 (Mo. banc 1977), the Missouri Supreme Court abrogated the common law doctrine of sovereign immunity. The legislature reinstated the doctrine in a modified form when it enacted §§ 537.600 to 537.650, RSMo.1978. Section 537.600 "expressly waived immunity for (1) torts arising out of governmental operation of motor vehicles; and (2) dangerous conditions of a public entity's property." Benton v. City of Rolla, 872 S.W.2d 882, 884-85 (Mo.App.1994).

More specifically, under § 537.600.1(2) sovereign immunity is waived for injuries caused by the dangerous condition of a public entity's property. Kanagawa v. State ex rel. Freeman, 685 S.W.2d 831, 834 (Mo. banc 1985). However, provisions waiving sovereign immunity must be strictly construed. Id. at 835.

A plaintiff seeking to state a claim under the aforesaid provision must show: "(1) a dangerous condition of the property; (2) that the plaintiff's injuries directly resulted from the dangerous condition; (3) that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of harm of the kind the plaintiff incurred; and (4) that a public employee negligently created the condition or that the public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition." Id. at 835.

The dispositive issue in the instant case is whether, as a matter of law, Plaintiffs have pled sufficient allegations to show that drag racing is a "dangerous condition" as that term is used in § 537.600.1(2). See Johnson v. City of Springfield, 817 S.W.2d 611, 613 (Mo.App.1991).

In Missouri, three major lines of case authority define the term "dangerous condition" as found in § 537.600.1(2). See parallel discussions in Johnson, supra. In the first line of case authority, "dangerous condition" has a narrow meaning and refers to defects in the physical condition of a public entity's property. Kanagawa, 685 S.W.2d at 835; Chase v. City of St. Louis, 781 S.W.2d 571, 572 (Mo.App.1989) (holding that petition failed to allege fire hydrants were physically defective where fire hydrants did not work and plaintiff's decedent was killed in fire); Zubcic v. Mo. Portland Cement Co., 710 S.W.2d 18, 19 (Mo.App.1986) (holding that a sewer trench on sewer district property was not a physical defect and therefore was not a dangerous condition); Twente v. Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hosp., 665 S.W.2d 2, 11-12 (Mo.App.1983) (finding no dangerous condition in absence of security guard from his post in hospital parking lot where plaintiff was raped; no allegation of physical defect of property was made).

In the second line of cases, Missouri courts began relaxing the physical defect standard holding that the physical deficiency in a public entity's property could constitute a dangerous condition if the dangerous condition was created by positioning various objects on the property and not by intrinsic defects in the property. See Alexander v. State, 756 S.W.2d 539, 542 (Mo. banc 1988) (holding that the negligent placement of a folding room partition at the foot of a ladder on which plaintiff was working created a physical deficiency which constituted a dangerous condition); Jones v. St. Louis Housing Auth., 726 S.W.2d 766, 774 (Mo.App.1987) (holding that the negligent failure to remove debris on grounds contributed to creating a dangerous condition which resulted in death when debris was flung by lawn mower). In Alexander at 542, the Missouri Supreme Court declared that the test for a dangerous condition was that the condition was "dangerous because its existence, without intervention by third parties, posed a physical threat to plaintiff." (Emphasis added.) The concept of dangerous condition "does not include property which is not itself physically defective, but may be the site of injuries as a result of misuse or other intervening act." Stevenson, 820 S.W.2d at 612 (finding no physical defect where school had physically sound but open, accessible and unguarded bannisters). Additionally, when the injury is the direct result of the intentional conduct of another person and not the direct result of the physical condition of the property, sovereign immunity is not waived. Dale ex rel. Dale v. Edmonds, 819 S.W.2d 388, 390 (Mo.App.1991) (finding no physical defect when student intentionally hit in the eye by another with debris from school yard).

The third line of case authority shows that a dangerous condition may exist due to negligent, defective or dangerous design of public roads and highways, whose very existence poses a threat to a plaintiff. See Wilkes v. Mo. Highway and Transp. Comm'n, 762 S.W.2d 27 (Mo. banc 1988) (finding dangerous condition where bridge situated so as to surprise approaching motorists); Donahue v. City of St. Louis, 758 S.W.2d 50 (Mo. banc 1988) (involving a downed stop sign not visible as driver approached intersection)...