State ex rel. Stenehjem v. Maras

• Decision Date: 20 April 2021
• Docket Number: No. 20200304,20200304
• Parties: STATE of North Dakota EX REL. Wayne STENEHJEM, Attorney General, Plaintiff and Appellee v. Terpsichore MARAS, aka Terpsichore Maria Helen Lindeman, aka Terpischore Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Maras, aka Terpsichore P. Lindeman, aka Terpsechore Maras-Lindeman, aka Tore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Lindeman, aka Terpsechore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore P. Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore Pete Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore Maras-Lindeman, doing business as a Magic City Christmas, MLLabs-Events, Respondent and Appellant
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

958 N.W.2d 475

STATE of North Dakota EX REL. Wayne STENEHJEM, Attorney General, Plaintiff and Appellee

v.Terpsichore MARAS, aka Terpsichore Maria Helen Lindeman, aka Terpischore Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Maras, aka Terpsichore P. Lindeman, aka Terpsechore Maras-Lindeman, aka Tore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsichor Lindeman, aka Terpsechore Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore P. Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore Pete Maras-Lindeman, aka Terpsehore Maras-Lindeman, doing business as a Magic City Christmas, MLLabs-Events, Respondent and Appellant

No. 20200304

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

FILED APRIL 20, 2021

Brian M. Card, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Attorney General, Bismarck, N.D., for plaintiff and appellee; submitted on brief.

David C. Thompson, Grand Forks, N.D., for respondent and appellant; submitted on brief.

Tufte, Justice.

[¶1] Terpsichore Maras appeals from a default judgment issued as a sanction for discovery abuses and a judgment dismissing her counterclaim for lack of jurisdiction. We affirm the default judgment, concluding the district court did not abuse its discretion. We also affirm the judgment dismissing Maras's counterclaim, concluding she failed to comply with notice requirements for claims against the State of North Dakota, which are jurisdictional.

I

[¶2] The case arises out of the Attorney General's investigation of Maras for violation of consumer fraud protection laws. In January 2018, in a separate case, the Attorney General sought to enforce various subpoenas he issued under his power to investigate consumer fraud. See Case No. 51-2018-CV-191; see also N.D.C.C. § 51-15-05 (providing investigative subpoena powers). The Attorney General alleged Maras was engaging in solicitation of charitable donations, without registering as a charitable organization, in connection with an event she held out to be a fundraiser called "A Magic City Christmas."

[¶3] In July 2018, the Attorney General commenced the present case seeking penalties, restitution, costs, and attorney's fees for alleged violations of consumer fraud protection laws, as well as an injunction and cancellation of a trade name. Maras pled a counterclaim for abuse of process. She alleged she is an investigative journalist who wrote critically of the Attorney General. She asserted the Attorney General's investigation, which she described as a "directed multi-front administrative and judicial onslaught against her," was designed to destroy her credibility. She sought money damages for severe emotional distress and damage to her reputation.

[¶4] The Attorney General moved to dismiss Maras's counterclaim. The district court granted the motion, concluding it lacked jurisdiction because Maras had not complied with N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-04, which requires a person bringing a claim against the State of North Dakota or a state employee to give notice to the director of the Office of Management and Budget. The court entered judgment dismissing the counterclaim.

[¶5] The Attorney General moved the district court to issue orders compelling Maras to comply with discovery requests. The court issued two orders to compel. In its second order, the court warned Maras that her "continued failure to cooperate in discovery may result in sanctions pursuant to N.D.R.Civ.P. Rule 37, which include rendering a default judgment against her." The Attorney General later moved for default judgment, asserting Maras continued to defy discovery requests.

[¶6] On August 7, 2020, the district court granted default judgment against Maras as a sanction for discovery abuses and defiance of its orders. The court noted she had been held in contempt in the companion lawsuit, and it found she had not complied with the court's orders to compel in the present case—specifically that she "did not provide any response whatsoever" to the court's second order to compel. The court found Maras's actions were "deliberate and in bad faith." The court entered judgment in favor of the Attorney General, enjoining Maras from soliciting future charitable donations, cancelling her trade name, and ordering civil penalties, restitution, attorney's fees, and costs.

II

[¶7] Maras asserts the district court erred when it dismissed her abuse of process counterclaim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. She argues that the N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-04 notice requirements do not apply to compulsory counterclaims and that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over her claim.

[¶8] The N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-04 notice requirements for claims against the State of North Dakota or a state employee are jurisdictional. Voigt v. State , 2008 ND 236, ¶ 4, 759 N.W.2d 530. Dismissal for lack of jurisdiction is appropriate when the notice requirements are not met. See id. at ¶ 5. Maras does not challenge the court's factual finding that she did not provide notice. She argues the notice requirements are not applicable to her counterclaim. When jurisdictional facts are not in dispute, this Court reviews challenges to the district court's subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Schirado v. Foote , 2010 ND 136, ¶ 7, 785 N.W.2d 235.

[¶9] The Attorney General argues we should summarily affirm the judgment because there is precedent governing the notice issue raised by Maras in this appeal. The Attorney General relies on Dickinson Air Service, Inc. v. Kadrmas , 397 N.W.2d 55, 58 (N.D. 1986) and Laufer v. Doe , 2020 ND 159, ¶¶ 14, 19, 946 N.W.2d 707. However, those cases concerned statutes dealing with actions for damages caused by the application of pesticide. See N.D.C.C. § 28-01-40 (repealed); N.D.C.C. § 4.1-33-18. They did not concern claims or actions against the State of North Dakota or a state employee. Nor did they require this Court to interpret the statutory language at issue in this case. Thus, contrary to the Attorney General's assertion, we have not addressed the question presented by this appeal.

[¶10] Section 32-12.2-04(1), N.D.C.C., states in relevant part:

A person bringing a claim against the state or a state employee for an injury shall present to the director of the office of management and budget within one hundred eighty days after the alleged injury is discovered or reasonably should have been discovered a written notice stating the time, place, and circumstances of the injury ....

Under N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-01(1), claim "means any claim for money damages brought against the state or a state employee for an injury caused by the state or a state employee ...."

[¶11] Maras's counterclaim sought damages based on the tort of abuse of process for the injuries of emotional distress and damage to her reputation. She sought money damages "in an amount greater than Fifty Thousand Dollars." Her counterclaim, compulsory or otherwise, therefore falls within the plain-language definition of "any claim" because it is one for money damages against the State for an injury. Maras does not assert she provided written notice of her claim to the director of the OMB, nor is there anything in the record to indicate she did. The notice requirements set out in N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-04(1) are jurisdictional, and "strict compliance" is required.

Ghorbanni v. North Dakota Council on the Arts , 2002 ND 22, ¶ 8, 639 N.W.2d 507. Because Maras sought to bring a claim for money damages against the State and she did not comply with N.D.C.C. § 32-12.2-04(1), we conclude the district court did not err when it dismissed her claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

III

[¶12] Maras argues the district court abused its discretion when it ordered default judgment as a sanction for discovery abuses. She asserts the Attorney General's discovery requests were abusive. She claims the Attorney General sought documents she either did not possess or information that the Attorney General had already acquired through administrative subpoena powers in a different case.

[¶13] Rule 37, N.D.R.Civ.P., vests the district court with a "wide spectrum" of sanctions for discovery abuses, including entry of default judgment. Vorachek v. Citizens State Bank of Lankin , 421 N.W.2d 45, 50 (N.D. 1988). The court has "broad discretion" when applying a sanction for a discovery violation. Nelson v. Nelson , 2019 ND 221, ¶ 13, 932 N.W.2d 386. "Dismissal of an action or entry of a default judgment as a sanction for discovery abuse should be imposed only if there is a deliberate or bad faith non-compliance which constitutes a flagrant abuse of or disregard for the discovery rules." Vorachek , at 50-51.

[¶14] A party challenging the court's sanction has the burden of showing an abuse of discretion. Nelson , 2019 ND 221, ¶ 13, 932 N.W.2d 386. "A court abuses its discretion when it acts in an arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable manner, it misinterprets or misapplies the law, or when its decision is not the product of a rational mental process leading to a reasoned determination." Id. A party challenging the imposition of sanctions meets his or her burden "only when it is clear that no reasonable person would agree with the trial court's assessment of what sanctions are appropriate." Id.

[¶15] The district court found Maras "consistently ignored" its discovery...