State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. v. Smith

• Decision Date: 24 November 1942
• Docket Number: No. 146.,146.
• Citation: 48 F. Supp. 570
• Parties: STATE FARM MUT. AUTOMOBILE INS. CO. v. SMITH et al.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Western District of Missouri

48 F. Supp. 570

STATE FARM MUT. AUTOMOBILE INS. CO. v. SMITH et al.

No. 146.

District Court, W. D. Missouri, Central Division.

November 24, 1942.

Fred F. Wesner, of Sedalia, Mo., for plaintiff.

D. S. Lamm and Lawrence Barnett, both of Sedalia, Mo., for defendant Smith.

Montgomery, Martin, Salveter & Montgomery, of Sedalia, Mo., for defendant Piper.

Frank W. Hayes, of Sedalia, Mo., for defendant McClure.

COLLET, District Judge.

This is a declaratory judgment action brought by an insurance company to determine its liability under an automobile liability insurance policy. A jury was waived and the cause submitted to the Court sitting as a jury.

The facts are substantially as follows: Mr. Smith holds a policy of insurance issued by the plaintiff company insuring him against claims arising from the operation of his automobile. The policy contains the usual provision:

"This policy shall not apply * * * while the automobile is being operated:

"(1) by any person under the minimum age required to obtain a license to operate a private passenger automobile in the State, Federal District or Territory or Province in which the automobile is registered or in which the accident occurs, whichever is lower, or,

"(2) by any person under the age of fourteen (14) years."

The minimum age of an operator of a private passenger automobile in Missouri is 16 years.

Prior to the date of the accident Mr. Smith had been teaching his granddaughter to operate his automobile. About noon on the date of the accident Mr. Smith, his wife and the granddaughter were returning to their home in the automobile. The granddaughter, then 14 years of age was operating the car. They were proceeding Westwardly on the right side of the street in Sedalia, Missouri, on which the home was situated. The home was on the South side of the street. As the car approached the point at which it was necessary to turn left across the street to enter the driveway at his home, Mr. Smith, who was sitting beside his granddaughter on the front seat told her that he had better make the turn. He thereupon took hold of the steering wheel and, from his position on the right side of the car turned it left across the street and into the driveway. The granddaughter moved as far to the left as the left side of the car would permit and ceased doing anything toward propelling or directing the car. Two elderly ladies were walking on the sidewalk, and at the time were about to cross the driveway. They came into the path of the car, whereupon Mr. Smith, being in no position to apply the brake or disengage the clutch, turned off the ignition switch of the car and unsuccessfully undertook by steering the car to avoid striking them. Both were knocked down. One was killed. Actions have been instituted in the state court against Smith to recover damages for the injury to one and the death of the other. The insurance company brings this action to determine its obligation to defend those actions and to satisfy any judgment which may be recovered therein. A justiciable controversy exists. The parties so concede. The question of paramount importance is — who was operating the car within the meaning of the terms of the policy?

It is always of importance that he who is to determine the facts be properly informed as to who shall bear the burden of establishing determinative facts. The question might with some propriety be laid aside in this case as plaintiff asserts the burden is upon defendant to establish facts which demonstrate plaintiff's liability under the policy and defendant says he is not much concerned about whether he carries that burden or not since the greater weight of the evidence establishes plaintiff's liability anyway. But the question remains important as the evidence is not at all one way on the question of what actually occurred, and, although a reviewing court will not review the evidence when a trial court performed the offices of a jury,¹ yet it is desirable that the theory of the trial court be made clear.

The proper placing of the burden of proof in Declaratory Judgment actions involves several considerations. It must first be determined whether there is a disputed issue of fact relating to the jurisdiction of the Court to try the cause — whether a justiciable controversy exists. If there is such an issue the burden as to that issue is upon the party bringing the action to establish the facts which establish jurisdiction. Reliance Life Ins. Co. v. Burgess, 8 Cir., 112 F.2d 234. In the present case the parties by the pleadings admit the facts which demonstrate that a justiciable controversy exists, hence we are no longer presently concerned with the question of jurisdiction.

But by what law shall it be determined whether plaintiff or defendant bears the burden of proof on the disputed issue of fact? If it is a matter of substantive right it will ordinarily be controlled by the law of the locus of the contract,² in this instance the law of Missouri. Fort Dodge Hotel Co., v. Bartelt, 8 Cir., 119 F.2d 253 (8). In Cities Service Co. v. Dunlap, 308 U.S. 208, 60 S.Ct. 201, 84 L.Ed. 196, it was held to be a matter of substantial right, while the Missouri Supreme Court holds that it is a mere matter of procedure. Menard v. Goltra, 328 Mo. 368, 40 S.W.2d 1053; Connole v. East St. Louis & S. Ry. Co., 340 Mo. 690, 102 S.W.2d 581, loc.cit. 585. See, also, Burns v. Ætna Life Ins. Co., 234 Mo.App. 1207, 123 S.W.2d 185, loc.cit. 190, 191. In diversity cases questions relating to conflict of laws are to be determined by the law of the forum. Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 61 S.Ct. 1020, 85 L.Ed. 1477. If the matter is treated as procedural the Conformity Act, 28 U.S.C.A. § 724, provides that the local procedure be followed as far as consistent with the procedure established for the Federal Courts. But the conformity act is repealed by the Rules of Civil Procedure for District Courts of the United States, 28 U.S.C.A. following section 723c, insofar as the former may be inconsistent with the latter. Sibbach v. Wilson & Co., 312 U.S. 1, 655, 61 S.Ct. 422, 85 L.Ed. 479. A review of the latter Rules fails to disclose their controlling effect. Therefore, whether the matter be substantive or procedural, the Missouri rule will be followed in this case if there be one. A search of the Missouri authorities indicates that the Missouri Courts have not passed upon the question unless it be by analogy.

The procedure in eminent domain proceedings in Missouri is somewhat analogous. In such proceedings the initial question is whether the proceedings are instituted for the purpose of acquiring private property for a public use. If not, the cause may not be maintained. The burden is upon the party initiating the action to establish that fact, essential to further proceedings. That issue may be compared to the issue of jurisdiction or the existence or non-existence of a justiciable controversy in a declaratory judgment action. In the Missouri eminent domain proceedings an interlocutory judgment is entered, usually in the form of an order finding that the plaintiff has the right to condemn the property and appointing Commissioners to assess benefits and damages. While no such interlocutory judgment is ordinarily entered in the declaratory judgment action, the propriety of such a judgment seems obvious, and in some cases where there is a factual controversy concerning jurisdiction and other unrelated factual issues are to be tried by a jury, a preliminary hearing and interlocutory judgment in some form concerning...