State v. Allen, 98-1690-CR

• Decision Date: 24 March 1999
• Docket Number: No. 98-1690-CR,98-1690-CR
• Citation: 226 Wis.2d 66,593 N.W.2d 504
• Parties: STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Tartorius ALLEN, Defendant-Appellant. d
• Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Page 504

593 N.W.2d 504

226 Wis.2d 66

STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Tartorius ALLEN, Defendant-Appellant. ^d No. 98-1690-CR.

Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.

Submitted on Briefs March 8, 1999.

Opinion Released March 24, 1999.

Opinion Filed March 24, 1999.

On behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Steven D. Phillips, Assistant State Public Defender.

On behalf of the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the brief of James E. Doyle, Attorney General and Stephen W. Kleinmaier, Assistant Attorney General.

Before Brown, ANDERSON and ZIEGLER, ¹ JJ.

ANDERSON, J.

Tartorius Allen appeals the refusal of the trial court to suppress evidence the police obtained when they stopped and frisked him. Allen maintains that the officers did not have a reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in drug activity or that he was armed and dangerous. We conclude that Allen's actions, as observed by the officers, combine to supply reasonable suspicion to support the stop and frisk. Therefore, we affirm.

After numerous citizen and aldermanic complaints about drug activity, gangs, weapon violations and gunshots, the City of Racine Police Department put the 800 and 900 blocks of Hamilton Street under surveillance. On the evening of September 21, 1996, Inspector William Warmington, using binoculars and a 300-millimeter zoom lens, was watching the area. Warmington saw a car pull over to the curb in the 800 block of Hamilton and two men approach the car. One of the two men entered the car and got out in about one minute, and then the car drove away. Warmington saw the clothing, but not the face, of the man who got into the car. When the man was in the car, Warmington could not see into the car, and he did not see any exchanges that may have happened inside the car.

After the car left, the two men hung around the front yards in the 800 block of Hamilton for five to ten minutes before walking east and then south toward a pay phone. When the two men were in the yards and on the sidewalk, Warmington did not see them exchange anything. Warmington radioed his observations to Sergeant David Boldus who was on patrol in an unmarked squad car.

Boldus stopped his undercover vehicle alongside the two men when they were next to a pay phone in the 1100 block of Douglas Avenue. Boldus got out of his car, identified himself as a police officer and directed the two men to put their hands on the side of his car. While patting down Allen for weapons, Boldus felt a soft baggy in a pocket, and based on his experience, Boldus believed that the baggy contained a controlled substance. Boldus removed the baggy which contained a substance he believed to be marijuana. He arrested and handcuffed Allen. While searching, Boldus found $338 in currency and a pager. Allen admitted to Boldus that the marijuana was for his own use.

Allen was charged with felony possession of THC, second offense, in violation of §§ 961.41(3g)(e) and 961.48, STATS. Allen brought a motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the stop and frisk. He raised several arguments before the trial court. First, he asserted that the officers did not have reasonable suspicion that he was engaged in criminal activity or that he was armed. Second, he argued that his admission that the marijuana was for personal use was the fruit of an illegal stop and frisk. Finally, he argued that Boldus lacked a sufficient basis for removing the baggy from his pocket.

The trial court denied the motion. The court reasoned that when the police department gets numerous complaints about drug activity in an area, it is its obligation to put the area under surveillance. The court was satisfied that the observations of the officers provided a reasonable suspicion that justified the stop and frisk. As a final point, the court held that for their own safety, officers have a right to frisk people they stop in an "area of high crime and high incident of gunfire." Allen then entered a "no contest" plea to the charge and brought this appeal under § 971.31(10), STATS.

In this appeal, Allen contends that Warmington's observations fall short of providing reasonable suspicion for the stop. He argues that at the suppression hearing the State failed to prove that he was the individual who entered the car. He also argues that even if it is assumed that he was the one who got into the car, it is unreasonable to infer that he consummated a drug deal while in the car. Because the stop was not justified, Allen argues that, likewise, the frisk was not justified. In addition, even if the stop was justified, he contends that Boldus lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct a protective frisk. ²

When we review a trial court's decision regarding a motion to suppress evidence, the court's findings of fact will be sustained unless they are contrary to the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. See State v. Callaway, 106 Wis.2d 503, 511, 317 N.W.2d 428, 433 (1982). However, we independently examine the circumstances of the case to determine whether the constitutional requirements of reasonableness have been satisfied. See id.

In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), the Supreme Court stated that "a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possibly criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest." In order to execute a valid investigatory stop, Terry requires that a police officer reasonably suspect, in light of his or her experience, that some kind of criminal activity has taken or is taking place. See State v. Richardson, 156 Wis.2d 128, 139, 456 N.W.2d 830, 834 (1990). "Such reasonable suspicion must be based on 'specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.' " Id. (quoted source omitted). "Reasonable suspicion is a less demanding standard than probable cause not only in the sense that reasonable suspicion can be established with information that is different in quantity or content than that required to establish probable cause, but also in the sense that reasonable suspicion can arise from information that is less reliable than that required to show probable cause." Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990).

The question of what constitutes reasonableness is a common sense test. What would a reasonable police officer reasonably suspect in light of his or her training and experience. This common sense approach strikes a balance between individual privacy and the societal interest in allowing the police a reasonable scope of action in discharging their responsibility.

The societal interest involved is, of course, that of effective crime prevention and detection consistent with constitutional means. It is this interest which underlies the recognition that a police officer may in appropriate circumstances and in an appropriate manner approach a person for purposes of investigating possible criminal behavior even though there is no probable cause to make an arrest.

State v. Waldner, 206 Wis.2d 51, 56, 556 N.W.2d 681, 684 (1996) (citations omitted).

Allen maintains that because Warmington could not see the face of the man who entered the car, he was not able to identify Allen as that man. Because a positive identification could not be made, Allen argues that he may have simply been the companion to the man who entered the car. He reasons that status as a simple companion is important. According to Allen, there is no evidence to suggest that the companion was engaged in drug activity, and the fact that he was along with the other man did not give Boldus reasonable suspicion to frisk the other man and Allen. Allen disputes the court's conclusion that being in a high-crime area justifies the stop. Relying on State v. Morgan, 197 Wis.2d 200, 212, 539 N.W.2d 887, 892 (1995), he attempts to make a case for the proposition that being in a high-crime area is not sufficiently suspicious behavior to justify a stop by law enforcement.

Relying upon State v. Young, 212 Wis.2d 417, 569 N.W.2d 84 (Ct.App.1997), Allen makes the argument that an activity which mirrors conduct that a large number of innocent citizens engage in every day is not sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion, even if that conduct occurs in a high-crime area. He states that it is not enough that the brief entry into a car, late at night in a known high-crime area, is consistent with a drug transaction. Allen asserts that without first-hand observation of a drug transaction, the officers did not have reasonable suspicion to stop him and the other male.

Young involved an officer who was involved in an early afternoon surveillance operation designed to catch persons selling narcotics in a high-drug trafficking area. The officer was contacted by radio to look for and stop a "black male subject ... [who] had just made short-term contact with another subject in that area." Id. at 420-21, 569 N.W.2d at 87. The officer observed Young and concluded that Young was the person being sought. He stopped Young, informed him that he had been seen either selling or buying drugs, and asked if he would consent to a search. Young complied and the search of his person yielded a small amount of marijuana and a pipe. See id. at 421, 569 N.W.2d at 87. The trial court held that the officer had reasonable suspicion to make the stop based upon the officer's training and experience because the term "short-term contact" could mean an exchange of money for drugs and because Young was in a high-crime area.

The court of appeals reversed. We noted that even though the law holds that Young's presence in an area known for drug trafficking is a permissible factor for an officer to take into account, mere presence in such an area will not suffice "standing alone." See id. at...