State v. Anderson

• Decision Date: 05 August 2015
• Docket Number: Appellate Case No. 2012–212905.,No. 27558.,27558.
• Citation: 776 S.E.2d 76,413 S.C. 212
• Parties: The STATE, Respondent, v. Isaac Antonio ANDERSON, Appellant.
• Court: South Carolina Supreme Court

413 S.C. 212

776 S.E.2d 76

The STATE, Respondent

v.Isaac Antonio ANDERSON, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2012–212905.

No. 27558.

Supreme Court of South Carolina.

Heard April 9, 2015.

Decided Aug. 5, 2015.

Rehearing Denied Sept. 3, 2015.

Joshua Shaheen Nasrollahi, of Greenwood, and Chief Appellate Defender, Robert Michael Dudek, of Columbia, for appellant.

Attorney General, Alan McCrory Wilson, Assistant Attorney General, William M. Blitch, Jr., and Solicitor, Daniel Edward Johnson, all of Columbia, for respondent.

Opinion

Justice PLEICONES.

Appellant was convicted of first degree criminal sexual conduct with a minor, his girlfriend's daughter, and received a life sentence without the possibility of parole (LWOP).¹ On appeal, he challenges the constitutionality of S.C.Code Ann. § 17–23–175 (2014) on Confrontation Clause² grounds, and contends the trial court erred in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert in both forensic interviewing and child abuse assessment. Further, he alleges Witness Smith's testimony impermissibly bolstered that of the minor. We find the statute constitutional, but agree with Appellant that the trial court erred in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert, and in allowing bolstering testimony. We reverse Appellant's conviction and sentence.

The minor lived with Appellant and her mother for approximately six years from the time she was five years old until she was eleven. Appellant and the child had a close relationship, even as her mother's and Appellant's relationship ended. In November 2009, when she was eleven years old, the victim told her mother that Appellant had been sexually abusing her, including intercourse, since she was seven years old. There was no physical evidence of abuse, and Appellant denied the accusations.

ISSUES

(1) Does S.C.Code Ann. § 17–23–175 (2014) violate the Confrontation Clause because it does not permit contemporaneous cross-examination of the individual being videotaped?

(2) Did the circuit court err in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert and permitting her to improperly bolster the minor's credibility?

ANALYSIS

A. Constitutionality of § 17–23–175

Appellant contends that § 17–23–175, which permits the admission of a child's videotaped forensic interview under certain circumstances,³ violates the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation Clause. We disagree.

Appellant contends that the statute violates the Confrontation Clause because it does not afford the accused the opportunity to cross-examine the witness during the videotaping. Further, he argues that where, as here, the child testifies before the videotape is introduced, the defendant has no opportunity to cross-examine the child on the statements made in the videotape since it is not yet in evidence. Appellant asserts that were the defendant to cross-examine the child about the videotape prior to its introduction into evidence, he would waive any objection to the videotape itself. Finally, Appellant argues that because the minor was not recalled by the State after the playing of the videotape, he was denied his constitutional right to contemporaneous cross-examination, a right he contends was established by Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 110 S.Ct. 3157, 111 L.Ed.2d 666 (1990).

In Craig, the child testified at the trial from a remote location on a one-way closed circuit television: Persons in the courtroom could observe the child, but she could not see the people, including the defendant. The issue in Craig was whether this one-way procedure violated the component of the Confrontation Clause that prefers a face-to-face encounter between the witness and the defendant during the testimony. Appellant relies on the following language from Craig upholding the one-way camera arrangement:

[The] procedure preserves all of the other elements of the confrontation right: The child witness must be competent to testify and must testify under oath; the defendant retains full opportunity for contemporaneous cross-examination; and the judge, jury, and defendant are able to view (albeit by video monitor) the demeanor (and body) of the witness as he or she testifies. Although we are mindful of the many subtle effects face-to-face confrontation may have on an adversary criminal proceeding, the presence of these other elements of confrontation—oath, cross-examination, and observation of the witness' demeanor—adequately ensures that the testimony is both reliable and subject to rigorous adversarial testing in a manner functionally equivalent to that accorded live, in-person testimony.

Craig, 490 [497] U.S. at 851 (emphasis supplied).

Appellant's reliance on Craig as requiring contemporaneous cross-examination during the statutory videotaping process or at trial immediately following the playing of the videotape, is misplaced. Here, the minor testified under oath in open court and was subject to cross-examination. Thus, Appellant's right to the opportunity for effective cross-examination was satisfied during the minor's actual trial testimony. That is all the Confrontation Clause requires. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). That Appellant would have to recall the child as an adverse witness in order to examine her about her videotaped statement does not render the statute or the procedure followed here violative of a defendant's Sixth Amendment right to cross-examination. See State v. Hill, 394 S.C. 280, 715 S.E.2d 368 (Ct.App.2011).

B. Expertise and Bolstering

Appellant first contends the trial court erred in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert in “child abuse assessment.” We agree. Prior to the commencement of trial, an in camera hearing was conducted following which the trial court found Smith to be an expert in forensic interviewing. When the State called Smith at trial, and after reviewing her expert qualifications, the State offered her as “an expert in forensic interviewing and child abuse assessment.” Appellant immediately objected, but the judge overruled the objection, stating the qualification was “as a forensic interviewer in child abuse assessment.” Appellant respectfully renewed his objection, rightfully pointing out that there had been no previous determination that Smith possessed expertise in “child abuse assessment.” The trial judge declined to hold a hearing on the existence of this expertise, much less whether Smith possessed the necessary qualifications.

The trial judge's refusal to determine Smith's qualification as a “child abuse assessment” expert was patent error. Certainly we recognize that there is such an expertise: this is the type of expert who can, for example, testify to the behavioral characteristics of sex abuse victims. See, e.g., State v. Schumpert, 312 S.C. 502, 435 S.E.2d 859 (1993) ; State v. Weaverling, 337 S.C. 460, 523 S.E.2d 787 (Ct.App.1999) ; see also State v. White, 361 S.C. 407, 605 S.E.2d 540 (2004) (such witness may be more crucial where alleged victim is a child). The better practice, however, is not to have the individual who examined the alleged victim testify, but rather to call an independent expert. To allow the person who examined the child to testify to the characteristics of victims runs the risk that the expert will vouch for the alleged victim's credibility.⁴ Compare State v. Brown, 411 S.C. 332, 768 S.E.2d 246 (Ct.App.2015) (distinguishing improper bolstering cases because in Brown the behavioral expert did not examine the victim). Here, Witness Smith vouched for the minor when she testified only to those characteristics which she observed in the minor.

Appellant also contends the circuit court erred in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert in forensic interviewing, arguing that South Carolina courts do not recognize this type of expertise, and that a forensic interviewer is restricted to testifying to facts. We agree. See State v. Douglas, 380 S.C. 499, 671 S.E.2d 606 (2009) ; State v. Kromah, 401 S.C. 340, 737 S.E.2d 490 (2013) fn. 5; see also State v. Baker, 411 S.C. 583, 769 S.E.2d 860 (2015) (Toal, C.J., dissenting) (finding error in qualifying forensic interviewer as an expert harmless). Having found error in qualifying Witness Smith as an expert in child abuse assessment and in forensic interviewing, the critical question becomes whether these two errors so prejudiced Appellant that we must reverse his conviction. We find that they did.

This case turned solely on the credibility of the minor and of Appellant. The minor testified to abuse by Appellant over a course of three to four years, while Appellant denied any improper conduct. There was no physical evidence of sexual abuse. We note that the solicitor and Witness Smith (a very experienced witness) repeatedly pushed the boundaries of the parties' common understanding of the permissible limits of Smith's trial testimony. For example, when testifying about the interview guidelines, Smith testified “[w]e will have a conversation with the children about the importance of truth-telling and how important it is that we ... if we make a mistake we want....” Appellant objected, and after a bench conference, his objection was overruled. There were two other objections and bench conferences before the jury was excused. At this juncture, Appellant moved for a mistrial based, in part, on the volume of the solicitor's voice at the bench hearings. The judge denied the mistrial, but not before remarking “I did have to tell [the solicitor] a couple of times to hold her voice down.”

The State introduced the video through Witness Smith, then asked her what was meant by the terms delayed reporting or delayed disclosure. Appellant immediately objected, a bench conference was held, and Smith was permitted to begin explaining the terms' meaning. Appellant again objected, and the trial judge agreed to dismiss the jury in order to have the objection placed on the record. The judge overruled this objection, yet found herself sustaining Appellant's objections as the solicitor continued to elicit improper vouching...