State v. Ash
| Decision Date | 30 December 1971 |
| Docket Number | No. 10723,10723 |
| Parties | The STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Edwin J. ASH, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Court | Idaho Supreme Court |
Rapaich & Knutson, Lewiston, for appellant.
W. Anthony Park, Atty. Gen., and Martin R. Ward, Deputy, Atty. Gen., Boise, for appellee.
This appeal is taken by Edwin J. Ash from a judgment of conviction of injuring a public jail. The following chronology of events preceded the trial at which he was convicted of this offense. On March 12, 1970, appellant appeared for arraignment before District Judge John H. Maynard, in the District Court of the Second Judicial District, in and for the County of Nez Perce; this proceeding was continued until March 19, 1970, at which time it was again continued until March 23, 1970. On March 23, the defendant refused to plead, and the court thereupon entered a plea of not guilty in his behalf and, on its own motion, ordered a change of venue to Ada County, on the ground that the court had concluded from its own investigation that the defendant could not receive a fair trial in Nez Perce County because great prejudice existed in that county against him. On March 24, appellant filed a demurrer to the information in the Nez Perce County District Court; on this same day, the formal order transferring the cause to Ada County was filed.
On April 21, 1970, in the District Court for the Fourth Judicial District, in and for the County of Ada, appellant requested that venue be changed back to Nez Perce County; after a hearing, the court ordered the case retransferred to Nez Perce County for further proceedings.
Back in Nez Perce County once again, defense counsel was notified on Wednesday, April 22, 1970, that the case would be tried by Judge Maynard on the following Monday, April 27, 1970, at 9:30 a.m. On April 23, 1970, counsel for the defendant filed an affidavit of prejudice for the disqualification of Judge Maynard, under the provisions of I.C. § R 1-1801. Sometime on April 22, 23 or 24 (it is not clear from the record exactly when), April 24 was fixed as the date for hearing arguments on the defendant's demurrer to the information. At the hearing held on April 24, Judge Maynard ruled that the affidavit of prejudice was not timely; he then denied the demurrer. Trial commenced on April 27, and the jury returned its verdict on April 28, 1970, finding the defendant guilty as charged.
The appellant contends that the district judge erred in failing to disqualify himself. The portion of I.C. § R 1-1801 which is applicable to this case reads as follows:
'A judge cannot act as such in any of the following cases:
4. When either party makes and files an affidavit as hereinafter provided, that he has reason to believe, and does believe, he cannot have a fair and impartial hearing or trial before a district judge by reason of the bias or prejudice of such judge. Such affidavit may be made by any party to an action, motion or proceeding, personally, or by his attorney or agent, and shall be filed with the Clerk of the District Court in which the same may be pending at least five (5) days before the day appointed or fixed for the hearing or trial of any such action, motion, or proceeding, (providing such party shall have had notice of the hearing of such action, motion, or proceeding for at least the period of five (5) days, and in case he shall not have had notice for such length of time, he shall file such affidavit immediately upon receiving such notice). Provided further that no such affidavit may be filed in any case after any contested matter in relation to such litigation has been submitted for decision to any judge sought to be disqualified, excepting that where a new trial is granted or ordered by either the district court or the Supreme Court, such affidavit may be filed as in the first instance. Upon the filing of the affidavit, the judge as to whom said disqualification is averred shall be without authority to act further in the action, motion, or proceeding, but the provisions of this section do not apply to the arrangement of the calendar, the regulation of the order of business, the power of transferring the action or proceeding to some other court, nor to the power of calling in another district judge to sit and act in such action or proceeding, providing that no judge shall so arrange the calendar so as to defeat the purpose of this section.' Emphasis supplied.
In Stevens v. McQuade, 78 Idaho 162, 299 P.2d 95 (1956), this Court held that where the defendants' counsel had more than five days' notice of a hearing on the defendant's demurrer, an affidavit of prejudice filed only one day prior to the date set for the hearing was not timely under I.C. § R 1-1801. In the case at bar, less than five days elapsed between the return of the case to Nez Perce County and the hearing on the demurrer; therefore, the appellant's counsel could not have had five days' notice of the hearing. The statute provides that in such a situation an affidavit of prejudice does not have to be filed until 'immediately' after notice of the hearing is received. Here, notice of the hearing could not have been received any earlier than April 22, and the affidavit was filed on April 23. This filing was sufficiently immediate to satisfy I.C. § R 1-1801. See State v. Bitz, 89 Idaho 181, 404 P.2d 628 (1965) ().
Respondent contends, however, that the appellant's affidavit of prejudice was not timely under that part of the statute which provides that 'no such affidavit may be filed in any case after any contested matter in relation to such litigation has been submitted for decision to any judge sought to be disqualified.' Relying on Ex parte Medley, 73 Idaho 474, 253 P.2d 794 (1953), the state submits that the appellant's refusal to plead on March 23, 1970, constituted a contested matter submitted to Judge Maynard for decision (whereupon he entered a plea of not guilty in the appellant's behalf). In the Medley case, the defendant entered a plea of guilty, placed himself at the mercy of the court, and then sought and was granted clemency; on these facts, it was held that a contested matter had been submitted to the judge for decision. The case at bar is obviously distinguishable form Medley; here, appellant's refusal to plead presented the judge with no decision at all-he was bound to enter a plea of not guilty. I.C. § 19-1720; cf. I.C. § 19-1710. Therefore, the defendant's mere refusal to plead did not constitute a contested matter submitted for decision. Hence, we conclude that the defendant was entitled to file the affidavit of prejudice, and the district court erred in holding that the affidavit was not timely.
Since we hold that the affidavit of prejudice was timely, and since it appears sufficient in all other respects, it is not necessary for us to examine the record to determine whether actual prejudice against the defendant existed. Upon the filing of an affidavit of prejudice in conformance with the provisions of I.C. § R 1-1801, the presiding judge is automatically disqualified. The filing of such an affidavit is sufficient to disqualify the judge without any hearing on its truth or falsity, and regardless of whether he is actually prejudiced as a matter of fact. It deprives that judge of all jurisdiction except for the power to transfer the case or to call in another judge, as permitted by the statute. State v. Bitz, 93 Idaho 239, 460 P.2d 374 (1969); I.C. § R 1-1801. The statute specifically provides that subject to the stated exceptions, the judge 'shall be without authority to act further.' Upon the filing of the affidavit of prejudice with the clerk of the district court on April 23, the district judge was without authority to proceed further; hence, the subsequent trial and conviction must be declared invalid in all respects.
Even though a new trial is being granted in this case, it is proper for this Court to consider other assignments of error which are necessary to the final determination of the case. I.C. § 1-205. The appellant contends that the district court for Nez Perce County erred in changing venue on its own motion. The question whether a court may change the venue of a criminal case sua sponte is one of first impression in Idaho. When the issue has been presented in the context of a civil case, however, this Court has held that a trial court is without power to change venue on its own motion. Butterfield v. Hatch, 85 Idaho 527, 381 P.2d 285 (1963); Bistline v. Eberle, 85 Idaho 167, 376 P.2d 501 (1962); Holt v. Warf, 33 Idaho 350, 194 P. 475 (1920) (overruled on another point in Anderson v. Springer, 78 Idaho 17, 296 P.2d 1024 (1956)). Section 19-1801 of the Idaho Code provides that a criminal action may be removed on the application of the defendant on the ground that a fair and impartial trial cannot be had in the county where the action is pending. Section 19-1808 provides for a similar application by the state. The new criminal...
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