State v. Baugh

• Decision Date: 15 November 1977
• Docket Number: No. 13547,13547
• Citation: 571 P.2d 779,174 Mont. 456,34 St.Rep. 1315
• Parties: The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Randall Craig BAUGH, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 779

571 P.2d 779

174 Mont. 456

The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Randall Craig BAUGH, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 13547.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted Sept. 29, 1977.

Decided Nov. 15, 1977.

Donald L. Shaffer (argued), Libby, for defendant and appellant.

Michael T. Greely, Atty. Gen., Helena, Allen B. Chronister, Asst. Atty. Gen., (argued), Helena, William A. Douglas, County Atty. (argued), Libby, for plaintiff and respondent.

DALY, Justice.

In August 1975, the body of David Locca was discovered in an isolated area of Lincoln County, Montana. Sometime after that, warrants of arrest were issued for Randall Craig Baugh, defendant herein, and William Beechman. William Beechman has never been found. In November 1975, Randall Craig Baugh turned himself in to the authorities. Defendant was arraigned and plead not guilty to the charge of deliberate homicide in the District Court, Lincoln County.

Pretrial motions were made by the state and the defense. Among these was a motion by the state to amend the Information as to the alleged date of the crime and motions for discovery made by defendant. Two prospective witnesses were arrested by the state for the deliberate homicide of David Locca. One, Randy Jacobsen, was arrested before the defense could talk to him and held over night. It was a week after this incident that Jacobsen consented to an interview by the defense. The other witness William Phillip Stuart, was arrested in New Mexico and then released. The defense requested the court to help locate Stuart.

The court ordered the Lincoln County sheriff's office to cooperate with the Lincoln County public defender's office in locating Stuart because the Lincoln County public defender has no budget or personnel to pursue such matters. The Lincoln County sheriff's office located Stuart in New Mexico, did not inform the public defender, but instead informed the Lincoln County attorney, who then flew to New Mexico, interviewed Stuart, arrested him, gave him a polygraph examination, released him, flew back to Montana, and then informed the defense and the court of the whereabouts of Stuart.

Trial was had in Lincoln County, Montana, starting on May 17, 1976. The jury was interviewed prior to voir dire by Hon. Robert C. Sykes, because of a controversy that existed at that time between the Lincoln County sheriff and the county attorney, William Douglas. Evidence began on May 18, 1976.

On May 21, 1976, the defense made two motions for a mistrial. The first motion was made because defendant had been brought to court on the morning of May 21 in handcuffs, and those handcuffs were unlocked in front of the jury before the trial commenced. The reason for the handcuffs, according to the deputy sheriff, was the defendant's bickering.

The other motion was because a juror, Sandy Kolar, had evidence of the matter acquired outside of the trial. In fact, Kolar was present with Douglas when videotape of the exhumation of the body of David Locca had been shown. Douglas was fully aware Kolar was present at this videotape showing.

Both motions for mistrial were denied; Kolar was excused and an alternate juror was seated. A further motion for mistrial was made and a motion for a directed verdict.

Defendant was found guilty and sentenced to 75 years in the Montana state prison. Defendant appeals from the judgment, and presents four issues on appeal:

1. Whether a defendant charged with deliberate homicide has a right to a jury instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide?

2. Whether the arrest of potential defense witnesses deprives a defendant of due process and a fair trial?

3. Whether it is reversible error for an accused to appear in handcuffs before a jury?

4. Whether the replacing of a juror who is a personal friend of the prosecutor and has personal knowledge of evidence of the case is error, if replaced by an alternate juror prior to the time the jury goes into deliberations?

Issue 1. Is a defendant charged with deliberate homicide entitled to a jury instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide even though no evidence is presented on that issue. Under section 94-5-103, R.C.M.1947, deliberate homicide is mitigated if committed "under the influence of extreme mental or emotional stress for which there is reasonable explanation or excuse." As ascertained from the record, defendant's theory is that he did not kill the deceased and had no knowledge of who did. At trial, defendant's attorney, in his opening statement stated:

"* * * Now, Randy will take the stand and I will tell you essentially what he will say. He has no knowledge or information as to how David Locca met his death, he could speculate and that is all it would be is pure speculation, he doesn't know. * * * "

This Court reaffirmed the Montana rule on the requirement for an instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide in State v. Buckley, Mont., 557 P.2d 283, 33 St.Rep. 1204, 1207 (1976) and set out this test:

" * * * the district court's instructions must cover every issue or theory having support in the evidence, and the inquiry of the district court must only be whether or not any evidence exists in the record to warrant an instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide." 557 P.2d 285.

The United States Supreme Court in Keeble v. United States, 412 U.S. 205, 93 S.Ct. 1993, 36 L.Ed.2d 844 (1973), stated that the defendant is entitled to instruction on a lesser included offense, if evidence would permit the jury rationally to find him guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the greater.

In the instant case there was no evidence in the record to show mitigation as required by section 94-5-103. In fact, defendant's theory throughout the trial was that he did not murder the victim. In State v. McDonald, 51 Mont. 1, 16, 149 P. 279, 285 (1915), it was said:

" . . . In many instances, however, the evidence is such as to show that the defendant is either guilty of the offense charged or is entitled to an acquittal. In such cases the court may not be put in error for refusing or failing to instruct as to the lower degree or the included offense."

This rationale applies to the instant case, and the trial court acted properly in not giving the alternate instruction on mitigated homicide.

Issue 2, concerns the county attorney's arresting and holding witnesses Jacobsen and Stuart and after questioning releasing them. Defendant alleges this prejudicially impaired the effectiveness of defense counsel's efforts to interview these same witnesses. This Court in State v. Gangner, 73 Mont. 187, 194, 235 P. 703 (1925) stated:

"Whatever the popular notion may be, it is neither the duty nor the right of the state, acting through its public officers, to secure the conviction of one of its citizens by any available means, fair or foul. The Constitution guarantees to everyone accused of crime a fair and impartial trial * * * and the state had no more right to deny defendant's counsel access to a witness material to the defense then it would have had to secrete the witness to prevent the defendant using him * * * ."

In the instant case while defense counsel was able to talk to these witnesses, defendant contends the prosecution so intimidated them that the effectiveness of the interviews was substantially diminished. Yet, there is no showing how the prosecution intimidated these witnesses or that it instructed them not to cooperate with the defense attorney, or that it otherwise attempted to directly impede the effectiveness of defense counsel. The record shows that at the time these witnesses were interviewed and arrested, they were potential defendants in this case. There is extensive discussion in the record concerning these witnesses. It is clear from that discussion the court took every action possible to provide the defense access to them.

While defense counsel may have had difficulty in locating and interviewing witnesses Jacobsen and Stuart, there is nothing in the record to show lack of due process, which could be attributed to the state's investigatory procedure.

Issue 3. On the morning of May 21, 1975, defendant was escorted into the courtroom in handcuffs by a deputy sheriff. Apparently the handcuffs were removed once defendant was in the courtroom. Counsel for defendant contends defendant having been seen by the jury in handcuffs is reversible error. When the handcuff incident occurred, defense counsel moved in chambers for a mistrial and was denied. Ruling, however, on the mistrial was reserved in order to give the court opportunity to question the jurors after the verdict was in to determine whether the jurors were influenced by the handcuff incident. This was done after the jury reached its verdict, but before it was announced. This exchange took place between the court and jurors:

"THE COURT: Now before presenting this verdict to me, I would like to ask the jurors some questions. Did any of the jury observe the defendant during the course of the trial being brought into the courtroom in handcuffs?

"THE JURY: Yes sir.

"THE COURT: Now did that in any way affect any of you in your deliberations as to his guilt or innocence?

"THE JURY: No.

"THE COURT: It did not, any of you?

"THE JURY: No."

The basic principles of the criminal justice system is that an accused, whatever his past record, is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Coffin v. United States, 156 U.S. 432, 15 S.Ct. 394, 39 L.Ed. 481 (1895).

It follows that the accused is also entitled to the indicia of innocence. In the presence of the jury, he is ordinarily entitled to be relieved of handcuffs, or other restraints, so he will not be marked as an obviously bad person or to suggest that the fact of his guilt is a foregone conclusion. United States v. Samuel, 431 F.2d 610, 614 (4th Cir. 1970).

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