State v. Bawdon, 14829

• Decision Date: 23 April 1986
• Docket Number: No. 14829,14829
• Citation: 386 N.W.2d 484
• Parties: STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Jesse Harold BAWDON, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: South Dakota Supreme Court

Page 484

386 N.W.2d 484

STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Jesse Harold BAWDON, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 14829.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Argued Sept. 11, 1985.

Decided April 23, 1986.

Mark A. Moreno, Asst. Atty. Gen., Pierre, for plaintiff and appellee; Mark V. Meierhenry, Atty. Gen., Pierre, on brief.

Richard Braithwaite of Braithwaite Law Offices, Sioux Falls, for defendant and appellant.

MORGAN, Justice.

Defendant Jesse Bawdon (Bawdon) was convicted of first-degree rape, SDCL 22-22-1(4), involving a six-year-old victim, A.K., who was left in Bawdon's care by her mother for a period of about twenty minutes. We affirm.

On October 8, 1983, Bawdon was at the home of A.K. and her mother. At approximately 11:30 p.m., a friend of mother's and mother left the home, leaving two sleeping children in the care of Bawdon. Approximately fifteen to twenty minutes later, mother and friend returned. After entering the home, mother noticed that A.K. was not in bed, but that the light in the bathroom was on. Mother walked in and found A.K. sitting on the toilet, with Bawdon kneeling beside her. A.K. appeared nervous and had been crying. Mother's friend asked Bawdon to explain what was going on. He stated that A.K. had to go to the bathroom and he was taking her. Bawdon then became nervous and after wiping what appeared to be blood off his hand, quickly left the house. Mother asked A.K. what happened, and she said Bawdon hurt her, and that he had "put his fingers down there." Mother carried A.K. to the bedroom, where she and friend noticed blood on A.K.'s genital area. At approximately 12:30 a.m., A.K. was then taken to the hospital by a police officer. A Department of Social Services caseworker, Ella Keen Goldsmith (Goldsmith), was called after the child's physical examination, and arrived at the hospital at approximately 2:15 a.m. The caseworker brought along anatomically correct dolls and asked A.K. to explain what had happened. A.K. identified an adult male doll as Bawdon, and a female child doll as herself. A.K. was agitated, but explained the story to Goldsmith and Huron Police Department Officer Jeff Trandal (Trandal) by putting the adult male doll's hand into the crotch of the female child doll.

The child was examined by Dr. Mark Mogan (Dr. Mogan), who testified that upon examination he found dried blood in A.K.'s genital area, along with traumatized and torn hymel tissue. He also testified that an injury of the type A.K. suffered was consistent with penetration of the genital area. In the course of his examination, Dr. Mogan asked A.K. if someone had touched her genital region. A.K. responded by nodding affirmatively.

On October 11, 1983, Bawdon was charged with rape in the first degree. He initially entered a plea of not guilty. Following a plea bargaining arrangement, Bawdon changed his plea to guilty and in return the State recommended a sentence not to exceed twenty years. The trial court accepted this plea and sentenced Bawdon to twenty years in the state penitentiary. Bawdon subsequently attacked this plea by writ of habeas corpus, which was granted. Bawdon was then bound over to the Beadle County Sheriff to await trial. Prior to trial, Bawdon moved to suppress certain statements as hearsay, referring to a motion filed before his initial plea which named numerous individuals and asking, in addition to the suppression of hearsay offered by those persons, the suppression of hearsay offered by mother and friend. The trial judge rejected Bawdon's motion, claiming that the hearsay, which all involved statements or actions of A.K., was admissible under the excited utterance exception. SDCL 19-16-5. The court further noted that the actions and conduct of A.K. at the hospital were not hearsay and were admissible as observation testimony.

Bawdon raises two basic issues on appeal: (1) the trial court erred in admitting hearsay statements in his trial and deprived him of his constitutional right of confrontation; and (2) the trial court imposed an unconstitutionally impermissible sentence upon him in that it was a longer prison term than he had previously been sentenced to under the plea bargain arrangement.

We first examine the issue regarding admission of the statements made to Goldsmith and Trandal, who were named in the pretrial motion for suppression.

When reviewing the admission of evidence, this court will disturb the decision of the trial court only upon a showing of abuse of discretion. State v. Percy, 80 S.D. 1, 117 N.W.2d 99 (1962) (Percy I). See also State v. Wedemann, 339 N.W.2d 112 (S.D.1983).

The trial court admitted the statements under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule, SDCL 19-16-6. This court has held that such statements are admissible even if not strictly contemporaneous with the exciting cause. Percy I, supra. "The critical inquiry is whether they [the declarations] were made while declarant was still under the influence of the experience." Id., 80 S.D. at 7, 117 N.W.2d at 102. In Percy I, the court noted that " '[w]here the victim is of an age as to render improbable that her utterance was deliberate and its effect premeditated the utterance need not be so nearly contemporaneous with the act as in the case of an older person.' Id., quoting State v. McFall, 75 S.D. 630, 635, 71 N.W.2d 299, 301-302 (1955). In assessing whether a statement qualifies under the excited utterance exception, "the time that elapsed between the event and the statement is a factor to be considered, it is not determinative." Id. Each case must be determined from the circumstances surrounding the utterance. Id. In State v. Percy, 81 S.D. 519, 525, 137 N.W.2d 888, 892 (1965) (Percy II), the court noted that " '[t]he utterance must have been before there has been time to contrive and misrepresent, i.e., while the nervous excitement may be supposed still to dominate....' " (Emphasis in original.)

In Percy II, this court upheld the admission of statement made by a five-year-old victim of a sex crime to his parents approximately two to three hours after the alleged sex crime occurred. There was no evidence in the opinion that the victim was highly upset. Instead, the court stated that "the boy made the declarations in question to his parents under such stress ... as to warrant their admission in evidence." Percy II, 81 S.D. at 526, 137 N.W.2d at 892.

Bawdon cites State v. McCafferty, 356 N.W.2d 159 (S.D.1984), for the proposition that demonstrations with the anatomically correct dolls would not fall within the excited utterance exception. In McCafferty, a seven-year-old girl arrived at school with a "hickey" on her neck, and a teacher questioned the child about the mark, using anatomically correct dolls. It was not the use of the anatomically correct dolls that caused us to hold the excited utterance rule inapplicable in McCafferty. Rather, it was the time lapse and the lack of evidence that the demonstration was accomplished while the child was under the stress of the event. In this case, A.K. had been exposed to the alleged rape approximately two and one-half to three hours before Goldsmith questioned her with the dolls. It would appear as if the rationales advanced by Percy I and Percy II most closely represent the circumstances of this case. We hold that the trial court did not err in applying the excited utterance exception and, such exception being a firmly rooted exception, reliability can be inferred without more. Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 100 S.Ct. 2531, 65 L.Ed.2d 597 (1980).

Bawdon also objects to the trial court's admission of testimony of the attending physician, Dr. Mogan, that A.K. nodded her head affirmatively when Dr. Mogan asked her during the examination whether anyone had touched her in the genital area. Bawdon did not include the name of Dr. Mogan in his pretrial motion to suppress. He claims that the scope of the motion, as noted at the motion hearing, was to suppress statements to all third parties. We find his contention lacking in credence, as Bawdon did subsequently file a motion to suppress testimony specifically of A.K.'s mother and mother's friend. Bawdon did object at trial and the trial court determined that the actions of A.K. in the hospital, which would include the affirmative nodding of her head in response to Dr. Mogan's question, were not hearsay. In this respect, the trial court was incorrect. Hearsay includes nonverbal conduct if it is intended to be an assertion. SDCL 19-16-1. See also, J. Weinstein & Berger, Weinstein's Evidence Sec. 801(a)(01) (1985). The hearsay testimony was admissible, however, under SDCL 19-16-8, which allows admission of hearsay given for purposes of medical diagnosis. In State v. Garza, 337 N.W.2d 823 (S.D.1983), this court stated that hearsay was admissible under this exception by rape victims if it was given to the doctor to describe what happened to the victim, rather than who assaulted the victim. Dr. Mogan testified that A.K. nodded affirmatively in response to the question: "Did anyone touch you down there in the genital area?" This is the type of hearsay contemplated as admissible by the medical diagnosis exception. We hold that the trial court did not err in admitting the testimony of Dr. Mogan.

We next examine Bawdon's claim that his due process rights were violated, in that he was sentenced to a greater term of years following his conviction by a jury than originally given after his guilty plea pursuant to the plea bargain. As we previously noted, the first sentence was for a term of twenty years and the second sentence, after trial, was for twenty-five years. In essence, Bawdon claims that he is being denied due process by being punished for exercising his legal rights.

Bawdon relies on North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969), wherein the United States Supreme Court delineated the scope of judicial discretion in resentencing one convicted on retrial...