State v. Bier, 14307

• Decision Date: 09 March 1979
• Docket Number: No. 14307,14307
• Citation: 591 P.2d 1115,181 Mont. 27,36 St.Rep. 466
• Parties: The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Richard Lee BIER, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

Page 1115

591 P.2d 1115

181 Mont. 27

The STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Richard Lee BIER, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 14307.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted Nov. 27, 1978.

Decided March 9, 1979.

Cameron Ferguson, Public Defender, argued, Great Falls, for defendant-appellant.

Mike Greely, Atty. Gen., Mary B. Troland, Asst. Atty. Gen., argued, Helena, J. Fred Bourdeau, County Atty., Great Falls, for plaintiff and respondent.

SHEA, Justice.

Defendant appeals from a conviction of negligent homicide, section 95-4-104, R.C.M.1947, now section 45-5-104 MCA, following a jury trial in the Cascade County District Court.

The facts show that in the early morning of June 25, 1977, Deputy Sheriff Donovan responded to a call concerning a possible suicide at the Red Wheel Trailer Court in Great Falls. He arrived at about 1:30 a. m. and noticed defendant Richard Bier wave and holler at him to hurry. Donovan entered the trailer and saw defendant's wife, Sharon Bier, on the floor in the doorway between the bedroom and hall of the trailer. She was bleeding from a neck wound. Defendant told Donovan that his wife shot herself. A .357 Magnum revolver lay on the bed in the bedroom. Moments later, an ambulance arrived. Temporary aid was administered and Sharon Bier was transported to the hospital accompanied by the defendant. Deputy Donovan stayed behind. He washed his hands in the trailer's bathroom and noticed blood in the basin and on a cabinet. He photographed the interior of the trailer, identified and took custody of the gun, bullets and spent casing, and saw that the two minor children present were cared for before proceeding to the hospital.

When Deputy Donovan arrived at the hospital, he placed each of Mrs. Bier's hands in plastic bags and taped them shut to preserve any evidence of gun powder. He then located defendant for questioning. After being read his rights, defendant related the events leading up to the shooting.

Defendant stated he and his wife had been at the stock car races all evening and consumed a total of three six-packs of beer. Mrs. Bier, normally a mild social drinker, finished two six-packs. When the couple returned home, an argument ensued. Intent on leaving and avoiding further quarrel, defendant went into the the bedroom to ready his departure. Mrs. Bier stood in the bedroom doorway, apparently to block his exit. Defendant reached into the closet, pulled a gun from its holster, cocked it and cast it on the bed stating words to the effect that to stop him she'd have to shoot him. Defendant turned away and his wife picked up the gun, held it with both thumbs on the trigger and pointed it at her head. Defendant shouted "that damn thing's loaded" and either grabbed or slapped at the gun to avert its aim. It discharged and Mrs. Bier collapsed on the floor.

Pursuant to police procedure, Deputy Donovan took hand swabs of defendant and his wife for analysis of possible gun powder residue by the proper authorities. The test results showed no appreciable level of residue from which to conclude either Mr. and Mrs. Bier was holding the gun when it discharged. Defendant had washed his hands while his wife was being administered medical aid at the trailer. Mrs. Bier never regained consciousness and died six days after the shooting.

About a month after the incident, defendant was questioned at the Cascade County Sheriff's Office. He essentially recounted the statement previously given except that he thought maybe he'd grabbed rather than slapped at the gun when it discharged, and that perhaps this had caused the gun to fire.

On October 17, defendant was charged with negligent homicide and on October 19, he entered a plea of not guilty.

The State's case consisted of Deputy Donovan, two expert witnesses from Washington, D.C., and the ambulance attendant who answered the emergency call at the Bier residence. One of the experts testified to the slight force necessary to discharge a cocked .357 Magnum revolver and that the handgun fired at a distance of one foot produced a powder dispersal pattern of four to five inches in diameter. Exhibits revealed a four-inch dispersal pattern on Mrs. Bier's neck. The other expert witness reported the results of the hand swab analysis conducted in Washington, D.C. He could not determine who held the gun when it fired.

Defendant testified on his own behalf. He was a career Air Force Sergeant and the father of three minor children by Mrs. Bier. He stated on direct examination, "I don't know if I made her hands squeeze the trigger or if she squeezed the trigger, or how it happened." On cross-examination he admitted that he was aware of his wife's intoxicated condition and should have realized the danger involved.

During defendant's testimony, defense counsel attempted to show through defendant's testimony and diagrams that the angle of the bullet's path was such as to preclude any possibility that defendant held the gun when it discharged. The County Attorney objected to this line of questioning on the ground that evidence relating to the bullet's angle was a technical subject requiring the testimony of an expert. Following an intense exchange between court and counsel, the court ruled that all evidence relating to bullet's angle would be excluded as a technical subject admissible only through expert testimony.

Defendant raises five issues for our review:

(1) Whether the facts presented preclude a finding of negligent homicide as a matter of law.

(2) Whether the District Court abused its discretion by denying defendant's motion for a jury view of the mobile home in which the shooting occurred.

(3) Whether the trial judge's statements to the jury that defendant's demonstrative evidence was "purely his say-so" and "purely his concoction" require reversal.

(4) Whether defendant's testimony as to the angle of the bullet hole was properly excluded as a subject requiring expert testimony.

(5) Whether the prosecutor's statement in closing argument that it "does not believe that Mrs. Bier shot herself" constitutes reversible error.

Defendant contends the State failed to prove the required mental state and causation elements for a prime facie case of negligent homicide. Concerning the mental element, defendant argues that his conduct did not evidence a conscious disregard for his wife's life. Negligent homicide is defined by statute as follows "(1) Criminal homicide constitutes negligent homicide when it is committed negligently.

"(2) A person convicted of negligent homicide shall be imprisoned in the state prison for any term not to exceed ten (10) years." Section 95-4-104, R.C.M.1947, now section 45-5-104 MCA.

Negligence is defined as follows:

". . . (A) person acts negligently with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he consciously disregards a risk that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists Or if he disregards a risk of which he should be aware that the result will occur or that the circumstance exists. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that to disregard it involves A gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in the actor's situation. Gross deviation means a deviation that is Considerably greater than lack of ordinary care. Relevant terms such as 'negligent' and 'with negligence' have the same meaning." (Emphasis added.) Section 94-2-101(31), R.C.M.1947, now section 45-2-101(31) MCA.

In State v. Kirkaldie (1978), Mont., 587 P.2d 1298, 1304, 35 St.Rep. 1532, 1538, this Court explained that "(u)nlike deliberate homicide, which requires that the offense be committed purposely or knowingly, negligent homicide does not require such purpose or knowledge. Negligent homicide only requires a gross deviation from a reasonable standard of care." A gross deviation under the statutory definition is analogous to gross negligence in the law of torts. Although somewhat nebulous in concept, gross negligence is generally considered to fall short of a reckless disregard for consequences and is said to differ from ordinary negligence only in degree, not in kind. See, Prosser, Law of Torts, 183-84 (4th Ed. 1971). Here, defendant's conduct in pulling out, cocking and throwing a loaded gun within reach of his intoxicated wife clearly qualifies as a gross deviation giving rise to criminal culpability.

Defendant also contends he should not be held responsible to have foreseen his wife's alleged suicide attempt. Generally, where a crime is based on some form of negligence the State must show not only that defendant's negligent conduct was the "cause in fact" of the victim's death, but also that the victim was foreseeably endangered, in a manner which was foreseeable and to a degree of harm which was foreseeable. LaFave and Scott, Criminal Law § 78, p. 588. Clearly, the risk created by defendant's conduct under the circumstances (that in a highly intoxicated state his wife would shoot either the defendant or herself), was a foreseeable risk. Indeed, he challenged her to use the gun.

Next, defendant contends that it was an abuse and discretion for the court to deny his motion for a jury view of the trailer. Section 95-1912, R.C.M.1947, now section 46-16-502 MCA, provides in part that a jury view is appropriate "(w)hen the court deems it proper." This Court will not interfere with the District Court's discretion in granting or refusing jury view except in a case of manifest abuse. State v. Allison (1948), 122 Mont. 120, 142, 199 P.2d 279, 292. Defendant argues that jury view was necessary due to the complexity and three dimensional quality of his bullet angle evidence. He claims prejudice in the deprivation of this opportunity to corroborate his...