State v. Brown, s. 890554-C

• Decision Date: 12 September 1990
• Docket Number: Nos. 890554-C,890555-CA and 890556-CA,s. 890554-C
• Citation: 798 P.2d 284
• Parties: The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Robert M. BROWN, Defendant and Appellant, The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. David E. ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant, The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Susan B. ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Utah Court of Appeals

Page 284

798 P.2d 284

The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Robert M. BROWN, Defendant and Appellant, The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. David E. ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant, The STATE of Utah, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Susan B. ELKINS, Defendant and Appellant.

Nos. 890554-CA, 890555-CA and 890556-CA.

Court of Appeals of Utah.

Sept. 12, 1990.

Herschel Bullen (argued), McDonald & Bullen, Salt Lake City, for defendants and appellants.

R. Paul Van Dam, State Atty. Gen. and Charlene Barlow (argued), Asst. Atty. Gen., Salt Lake City, for plaintiff and appellee.

Before BILLINGS, JACKSON, and NEWEY ¹, JJ.

OPINION

BILLINGS, Judge:

Robert M. Brown, David E. Elkins, and Susan B. Elkins appeal the trial court's denial of their motion to suppress evidence seized under a search warrant. Each defendant entered a conditional plea of guilty to possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute, a third degree felony, in violation of Utah Code Ann. § 58-37-8(1)(a)(iv)(1990), reserving the right to appeal the denial of their motion to suppress. See State v. Sery, 758 P.2d 935 (Utah Ct.App.1988). We affirm.

On November 4, 1988, Crime Solvers received a telephone call from a person who identified himself and reported that marijuana was present at 1268 and 1276 Montgomery, Salt Lake City, Utah. Crime Solvers contacted the Metro Narcotics Task Force. Detective Jensen then contacted the informant, who described the houses and attached greenhouses and said marijuana was being grown and sold from the area. Detectives Jensen and Caffery went to the addresses, verified the description of the houses, including the greenhouses, and approached the backs of the houses along a canal bank public right of way. As they approached, they smelled a "pungent" aroma which they identified as marijuana. They also saw a plant pressed against the translucent panel of one of the greenhouses which appeared to them to be marijuana.

Based on this information, Detective Caffery signed an affidavit and a search warrant was issued. The affidavit described the telephone call to Crime Solvers and explained that the citizen informant said he had confronted children with baggies of marijuana brought from the buildings. The affidavit stated the affiant considered the information from the informant to be reliable because the informant identified himself to Crime Solvers and had a "particularized interest in the welfare of one of the children." Affiant also stated the officers personally verified the many small details given by the informant and while walking along the back of the greenhouses, encountered the "unique smell of large quantities of green marijuana." The affidavit continued stating that through the translucent panels of one of the greenhouses the officers had seen large plants and what appeared to be the silhouette of a marijuana leaf pressed against the panel. However, when the search warrant was executed, Detective Caffery determined the leaf was not a marijuana leaf.

Defendants moved to suppress the evidence seized claiming the search warrant affidavit did not contain sufficient particularized facts to establish probable cause and contained false and misleading information as to the identification of a marijuana leaf. Thus defendants claimed the warrant was defective. The trial court denied the motion to suppress and this appeal followed.

PROBABLE CAUSE

Defendants first argue the affidavit failed to support the issuance of the search warrant because it did not contain sufficient facts to establish probable cause. The United States Constitution and the Utah Constitution both require a finding of "probable cause supported by oath or affirmation" before a search warrant may be issued. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Utah Const. art. I, § 14; see State v. Miller, 740 P.2d 1363, 1365 (Utah Ct.App.), cert. denied, 765 P.2d 1277 (Utah 1987).

A trial court does not conduct a de novo review in determining if there is probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant, Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 236, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2331, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983); State v. Babbell, 770 P.2d 987, 991 (Utah 1989); Miller, 740 P.2d at 1366, but rather must "pay great deference to the magistrate's decision." Babbell, 770 P.2d at 991 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-39, 103 S.Ct. at 2332).

In reviewing the trial court's determination "we will not disturb its factual assessment underlying a decision to ... deny a suppression motion unless it clearly appears that the lower court was in error." State v. Ashe, 745 P.2d 1255, 1258 (Utah 1987); see State v. Stromberg, 783 P.2d 54, 57 (Utah Ct.App.1989), cert. denied, 795 P.2d 1138 (Utah 1990).

The standard of probable cause is described as being "only the probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity." Gates, 462 U.S. at 235, 103 S.Ct. at 2330 (quoting Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 419, 89 S.Ct. 584, 590, 21 L.Ed.2d 637 (1969)); see State v. Bailey, 675 P.2d 1203, 1205 (Utah 1984).

Utah appellate courts have adopted the totality of the circumstances test first adopted by the United States Supreme Court in Gates, 462 U.S. at 230, 103 S.Ct. at 2328, for determining whether there is probable cause to support the issuance of a search warrant, State v. Hansen, 732 P.2d 127, 129-30 (Utah 1987); Miller, 740 P.2d at 1365, rejecting rigid application of the hypertechnical Aguilar- Spinelli "two-pronged" test. ² Accordingly, the magistrate must consider all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit and make a "practical, common-sense decision whether ... there is a fair probability" that criminal evidence will be found in the described place. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S.Ct. at 2332; see Babbell, 770 P.2d at 991; Bailey, 675 P.2d at 1205; State v. Droneburg, 781 P.2d 1303, 1304 (Utah Ct.App.1989). ³

Although the Aguilar- Spinelli guidelines are not to be mechanically applied, they are useful even under the totality of the circumstances test for determining whether the facts establish probable cause. The United States Supreme Court has stated that the veracity, reliability and basis of knowledge of an informant "should be understood simply as closely intertwined issues that may usefully illuminate the common sense, practical question of whether there is probable cause to believe that contraband or evidence is located in a particular place." Gates, 462 U.S. at 230, 103 S.Ct. at 2328; see Hansen, 732 P.2d at 130; Droneburg, 781 P.2d at 1306. ⁴

Courts view the testimony of citizen informers with less rigid scrutiny than the testimony of police informers. State v. Treadway, 28 Utah 2d 160, 499 P.2d 846, 848 (1972). In Miller, 740 P.2d at 1364, statements in the search warrant were based on information from defendant's neighbors. The court noted that "the average neighbor witness is not the type of informant in need of independent proof of reliability or veracity." Id. at 1366; see State v. Harris, 671 P.2d 175, 180 (Utah 1983). This is because citizen informers, unlike police informers, volunteer information out of concern for the community and not for personal benefit. ⁵

In the instant case, a citizen telephoned Crime Solvers, identified himself, and volunteered information because he had a particularized interest in one of the children who brought marijuana from the described buildings. The informant was a concerned citizen, not a confidential police informant expecting some personal benefit from disclosing information. Therefore, his veracity should not be subject to rigid scrutiny. In addition, the informant claimed to have personally confronted the children with baggies of marijuana and thus had personal knowledge of the information he supplied to police. Further boosting the informant's reliability is the detail with which he described the houses and greenhouses.

The officers went to the addresses identified and verified the details of the houses and greenhouses described by the informant. ⁶ They also verified the fact that defendant David Elkins owned both homes. The officers personally verified all of the information that could be verified by observation and "[h]aving personally verified all but one piece of information provided by the informant, the officer thus had reasonable grounds to believe that the remaining piece ... was also true." State v. Anderson, 701 P.2d 1099, 1102 (Utah 1985); see also Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327 (1959) (officer personally verified all physical information except whether defendant carried heroin).

In addition, the officers independently observed other significant facts. As they walked behind the houses and greenhouses they smelled the unique odor of green marijuana and observed what appeared to be a marijuana leaf pressed against the translucent panel of one of the greenhouses. These independent observations by the officers buttressed the information supplied by the citizen informant and corroborated by the officers.

Defendants argue the affidavit contains no reference to the time the informant confronted the children with the baggies of marijuana, and thus there is no probable cause to believe the illegal substance would be found at the time the warrant was executed. The affidavit need not set forth a specific reference to the time of the informant's observations in order for the search warrant to be valid. State v. Anderton, 668 P.2d 1258, 1261 (Utah 1983). Rather, search warrant affidavits should be interpreted in a common sense manner. Id. Where the affidavit describes a single, isolated violation, it can reasonably be assumed that probable cause diminishes quickly with time. United States v. Johnson, 461 F.2d 285, 287 (10th Cir.1972). "However, where the affidavit properly recites facts indicating activity of a protected and continuous nature, a course of conduct, the passage of time becomes less significant." Id.; see Stromberg, 783 P.2d at 57.

Here, the affidavit...