State v. Clifford

• Decision Date: 06 August 1999
• Docket Number: No. C-980291.,C-980291.
• Citation: 135 Ohio App.3d 207,733 NE 2d 621
• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Parties: The STATE of Ohio, Appellee, v. CLIFFORD, Appellant.

135 Ohio App.3d 207

733 NE 2d 621

The STATE of Ohio, Appellee, v. CLIFFORD, Appellant.^*

No. C-980291.

Court of Appeals of Ohio, First District, Hamilton County.

Decided August 6, 1999.

COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED

Michael K. Allen, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula E. Adams, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

H. Fred Hoefle, for appellant.

DOAN, Presiding Judge.

On November 21, 1997, while defendant-appellant Jermico Clifford was working at the Chocolate City bar, he became involved in an altercation with an individual known as "D-Man." Clifford attempted to persuade D-Man to leave the bar at closing time. D-Man pulled a .45-caliber handgun and fired at Clifford's head. Clifford was able to grab the weapon as it discharged and deflected the bullet, but the bullet grazed his head. D-Man fled the bar. A defense witness testified that D-Man ran from the bar into the parking lot, still firing the gun. The state contended that Clifford pursued D-Man into the parking lot, firing his own .45-caliber weapon. A police officer, who had arrived on the scene in his cruiser, testified that he looked into his rearview mirror and saw a person whom he believed to be Clifford firing shots in the parking lot. Shell casings were recovered from inside and outside Chocolate City, but no weapons were found.

Two days later, on November 23, 1997, at about 4:00 a.m., Clarence Gatewood, Gaius Solomon, and Keisha Campbell were in a blue Neon automobile at the intersection of Liberty and Vine streets. A masked gunman fired three shots into the Neon. No one was hit. The victims were unable to identify the shooter, but they did give police a description. The shell casings recovered from the scene matched those found outside the Chocolate City bar.

On November 24, 1997, Ricardo Hilliard was shot to death on his front porch. The shots were fired from a small gray automobile. Hilliard's friend Larry Murph testified that prior to the shooting, he had gone with Hilliard to the laundromat. Murph testified that a man came into the laundromat and said to Hilliard, "Boy, your boy shot my brother in the head." Murph and Hilliard left the laundromat and returned to Hilliard's house. Murph stated that he had crouched down by the porch railing when he saw the gray car approaching. Murph testified that Clifford then exited the passenger side of the car and shot Hilliard. Murph identified the car from which the fatal shots were fired as belonging to Clifford's girlfriend. Two women who lived across the street from Hilliard's house testified that when they heard the shots, they looked out of the window. The women stated that Hilliard was alone on the porch when he was shot, that the shooter never left the car, and that the automobile they had seen the night of the murder was not that of Clifford's girlfriend. The laundromat attendant testified that Hilliard had arrived alone the night he was murdered. Hilliard's cousin testified that the night before Hilliard was killed, he told her that Clifford and a person known as "June Bug" had a "hit" out on him.

Murph testified that after Hilliard was killed, he beat on the window of the house. Hilliard's friend Mia Glover opened the door. Murph and Glover pulled Hilliard's body inside. Hilliard was killed with a nine-millimeter bullet. A subsequent search of an automobile, which Clifford drove, but which belonged to his mother, revealed a .45-caliber magazine. A search of the gray automobile belonging to Clifford's girlfriend revealed various types of ammunition and a box for nine-millimeter ammunition.

Clifford was charged with three counts of felonious assault for the incident at Liberty and Vine. He was charged with aggravated murder in a separate indictment for the shooting of Hilliard. The state's theory of the case was that Clifford shot at the victims at Liberty and Vine because he mistook their car for one driven by D-Man. There was some evidence that at the time of the Liberty and Vine shootings, D-Man drove a red, not a blue, automobile. The state also contended that Clifford shot Hilliard as revenge for the Chocolate City incident. There was testimony that Hilliard had been present in Chocolate City the night Clifford was shot, but there was no evidence that Hilliard had been involved in the altercation.

The state made a motion to consolidate the indictments for trial, which the trial court granted. Following a jury trial, Clifford was found guilty of all counts. The trial court overruled Clifford's motion for a new trial. Clifford has timely appealed.

Clifford's first assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred in granting the state's motion to consolidate the indictments for trial. Crim.R. 13 states:

"The court may order two or more indictments or informations or both to be tried together, if the offenses or the defendants could have been joined in a single indictment or information. The procedure shall be the same as if the prosecution were under such single indictment or information."

Crim.R. 8(A) states:

"Joinder of offenses. Two or more offenses may be charged in the same indictment, information or complaint in a separate count for each offense if the offenses charged, whether felonies or misdemeanors or both, are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or transaction, or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a course of criminal conduct."

Crim.R. 14 provides that a trial court shall order separate trials if a defendant is prejudiced by joinder.

Joinder and the avoidance of multiple trials are favored to conserve judicial resources, including time and expense, reduce the chance of incongruous results in successive trials before different juries, and diminish inconvenience to the witnesses. See State v. Thomas (1980), 61 Ohio St.2d 223, 15 O.O.3d 234, 400 N.E.2d 401. To prevail on a claim that the trial court erred in consolidating charges for trial, the defendant must demonstrate affirmatively (1) that his rights were prejudiced, (2) that at the time that the trial court ruled on the motion to consolidate, he provided the court with sufficient information so that it could weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant's right to a fair trial, and (3) that given the information provided to the court, it abused its discretion in consolidating the charges for trial. See State v. Schaim (1992), 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 600 N.E.2d 661; State v. Torres (1981), 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 20 O.O.3d 313, 421 N.E.2d 1288. Absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion, a trial court's decision regarding joinder will not be disturbed. See Torres, supra; State v. Daniels (1993), 92 Ohio App.3d 473, 636 N.E.2d 336. A defendant has the burden of affirmatively showing that his rights were prejudiced by joinder. See id.

To determine whether a defendant is prejudiced by the joinder of multiple offenses, the trial court must determine (1) whether evidence of the other crimes would be admissible even if the counts were severed, and (2) if not, whether the evidence of each crime is simple and distinct. See Schaim, supra.

The crimes charged against Clifford in the different indictments were simple and distinct. The factual situation of each crime was easy to understand and was capable of segregation. The crimes involved different victims, different factual situations, and different witnesses. See State v. Decker (1993), 88 Ohio App.3d 544, 624 N.E.2d 350.

The evidence of the crimes charged in each indictment was simple and distinct. Clifford has not demonstrated that his rights were prejudiced by the joinder. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in consolidating the charges for trial. See State v. Williams (Dec. 1, 1993), Hamilton App. No. C-920869, unreported, 1993 WL 547184. The first assignment of error is overruled.

We will now address Clifford's seventh assignment of error, which alleges that the trial court erred in clearing the courtroom of all spectators on the defense side, including Clifford's mother and grandfather. Clifford argues that the trial court's action deprived him of his constitutional right to a public trial.

During the hearing on the state's motion to consolidate the indictments for trial, the trial court was ruling on an objection when the following took place:

"The Prosecutor: Judge before we go any further, a couple of times there are people in the back and I could —

"The Court: All right. All you folks in the back, get out of the courtroom now. Everybody out of the back there. Everybody out of the courtroom and wait outside and don't laugh or I will have you arrested.

"Defense Counsel: Could the grandfather and mother stay in?

"The Court: Everybody on that side, get out. All of you. Get out. Everybody out. Take the children with you please."

The right to a public trial is a fundamental constitutional guarantee under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, and Section 10, Article I of the Ohio Constitution. See State v. Lane (1979), 60 Ohio St.2d 112, 14 O.O.3d 342, 397 N.E.2d 1338. This guarantee is a "cornerstone of our democracy which should not be circumvented unless there are extreme overriding circumstances." Id. at 119, 14 O.O.3d at 347, 397 N.E.2d at 1343. The right of the public to attend criminal trials is implicit within the guarantees of the First Amendment. See State v. Unger (1986), 28 Ohio St.3d 418, 28 OBR 472, 504 N.E.2d 37. The right to a public trial is so important that a criminal defendant is not required to show specific prejudice to obtain relief from the constitutional violation. See Waller v. Georgia (1984), 467 U.S. 39, 104 S.Ct. 2210, 81 L.Ed.2d 31; State v. Sanders (1998), 130 Ohio App.3d 92, 719 N.E.2d 619. The right to a public trial applies equally to pretrial and trial proceedings. See Unger and ...