State v. Cloud

• Decision Date: 22 July 1986
• Docket Number: No. 85-2229-CR,85-2229-CR
• Citation: 393 N.W.2d 123,133 Wis.2d 58
• Parties: STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Donald CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Wisconsin Court of Appeals

Page 123

393 N.W.2d 123

133 Wis.2d 58

STATE of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Donald CLOUD, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 85-2229-CR.

Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.

Submitted on Briefs May 6, 1986.

Opinion Released July 22, 1986.

Opinion Filed July 22, 1986.

Bronson C. La Follette, Atty. Gen., Madison, on brief, for plaintiff-respondent; Marguerite M. Moeller, Asst. Atty. Gen., of counsel.

Robert J. Dvorak, S.C., Milwaukee, for defendant-appellant.

Before MOSER, P.J., and WEDEMEYER and SULLIVAN, JJ.

SULLIVAN, Judge.

Donald Cloud appeals a judgment convicting him of one count of kidnapping and four counts of first degree sexual assault, party to a crime, in violation of secs. 940.31(1)(a), 940.225(1)(b), and 939.05, Stats., and from an order denying him postconviction relief. He asserts that he was denied his state and federal constitutional rights to a jury trial. Because the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to allow Cloud to withdraw his jury waiver, we reverse the judgment and order and remand for a jury trial.

Cloud was arrested in 1983 for the crimes for which he was ultimately convicted. On December 20, 1983, Cloud, represented by retained counsel, waived his right to a jury trial. Plea negotiations were anticipated by both sides because of Cloud's cooperation in locating an additional suspect, but no agreement was ever reached. On May 30, 1984, Cloud's retained counsel asked to withdraw because he believed that Cloud's only defense would "not wash." He was allowed to withdraw from the case two weeks later, and the case was continued until June 20, 1984, for status.

On that date, Cloud appeared with his newly-appointed counsel, who asked the court to allow Cloud to withdraw his jury waiver. The court refused. At a June 28, 1984, hearing, the court denied Cloud's written motions for recusal and withdrawal of the jury waiver. The court also set July 30, 1984, as the date for trial to the court. No trial date had been set previously. On that date, before trial began, the court denied Cloud's second written motion for withdrawal of his jury waiver. Trial proceeded and Cloud was found guilty. Cloud's postconviction motions were denied, and he appeals.

Cloud asserts that he is entitled to a new trial for three reasons: his jury waiver was not knowingly made, he should have been allowed to withdraw his jury waiver, and the trial court judge should have recused herself. We hold that Cloud's jury waiver was constitutionally adequate, but that the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing Cloud to withdraw his jury waiver. Because we remand for a new trial on that ground, the recusal issue is moot.

Cloud is entitled to a jury trial under the sixth and fourteenth amendments to the federal constitution and art. I, secs. 5 and 7 of the state constitution. Thus whether Cloud was deprived of his constitutional right to a jury trial is a question of constitutional fact, which we independently review as a question of law. See State v. Woods, 117 Wis.2d 701, 715-16, 345 N.W.2d 457, 465 (1984).

In this state, a criminal defendant has a statutory right to waive a jury and be tried by the court. Sec. 972.02(1), Stats. The defendant's waiver must be made personally, knowingly, and voluntarily, and the record must clearly indicate the defendant's willingness and intent to waive his or her right to a jury trial. State v. Moore, 97 Wis.2d 669, 671, 294 N.W.2d 551, 553 (Ct.App.1980). Our supreme court has cited with approval "the procedure suggested in ABA Standards Relating to Trial by Jury, sec. 1.2(b) (1968), which places the responsibility of developing the record on the trial court itself." Krueger v. State, 84 Wis.2d 272, 282, 267 N.W.2d 602, 607 (1978). Commentary on that section, now sec. 15-1.2(b), is as follows:

It may well be that a defendant who has been informed by counsel or is otherwise aware of the right to trial by jury may intelligently waive that right without further admonishment from the court. However, consistent with the approach which has been taken with regard to entry of a plea of guilty, the better practice is for a court to advise a defendant of the right to jury trial before accepting a waiver. As one court has observed: " '[T]he serious and weighty responsibility' of determining whether [the defendant] wants to waive a constitutional right requires that he be brought before the court, advised of that right, and then permitted to make 'an intelligent and competent waiver.' " When the record or a written waiver establishes that a defendant was specifically advised that he or she could be tried by a jury, a subsequent attack on the waiver by the defendant is not likely to prevail.

3 Standards for Criminal Justice sec. 15-1.2(b) commentary at 15.24 (2d ed.1980) (footnotes omitted and emphasis added). We conclude from the record, as developed by the trial court, that Cloud's waiver was made personally, knowingly, and voluntarily.

Cloud admits on appeal that his jury waiver is "superficially" adequate on the record. Nevertheless, he asserts that it was unknowingly made because it was made in anticipation of a plea bargain that never materialized. We disagree. Cloud stated on the record that he had not received any promises in exchange for his jury waiver. He cannot now claim that his jury waiver was conditional. His waiver was therefore constitutionally adequate.

The trial court, however, should have allowed Cloud to withdraw his valid jury waiver. The court's refusal to do so was an abuse of discretion entitling Cloud to a new trial.

Whether, and under what circumstances, a defendant may withdraw a valid jury waiver is a question of first impression in this state. Those courts addressing the issue in this century have uniformly held that the standard of review is whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying withdrawal. See, e.g., People v. Melton, 125 Cal.App.2d Supp. 901, 271 P.2d 962, 963 (1954); Floyd v. State, 90 So.2d 105, 106 (Fla.1956); State v. Catanese, 385 So.2d 235, 237 (La.1980); see also Annot., 46 A.L.R.2d 919, 920 (1956), 46 A.L.R.2d Later Case Service 313-14 (1980 & Supp.1986), and cases cited therein.

Several of these cases, which we find persuasive, indicate that the trial court's discretion in deciding a withdrawal motion is not unbridled and should be exercised liberally in favor of granting the defendant's right to a jury trial. E.g., Floyd, 90 So.2d at 106. Factors bearing on the trial court's exercise of discretion include the defendant's reason for requesting withdrawal, the timing of the request, relevant changes of circumstances, and the delay, inconvenience, or other adverse consequences of allowing withdrawal. Mathias v. State, 284 Md. 22, 394 A.2d 292, 296 (1978) (citation omitted), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 906, 99 S.Ct. 1996, 60 L.Ed.2d 375 (1979). See also Thomas v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 553, 238 S.E.2d 834, 835-36 (1977) (trial court abused discretion in denying withdrawal motion made eleven days before trial date, when there was no showing that jury could not have been impanelled on original date, that motion was made for delay, that witnesses would have been inconvenienced, that prosecutor objected, or that a continuance would cause undue delay or impede cause of justice).

Generally, the cases hold that if a defendant's motion to withdraw a jury waiver is made sufficiently in advance of trial so as not to interfere with the orderly administration of c...