State v. Contreras

• Decision Date: 13 August 2021
• Docket Number: No. 119,584,119,584
• Citation: 492 P.3d 1180
• Court: Kansas Supreme Court
• Parties: STATE of Kansas, Appellee, v. Jose Armando CONTRERAS, Appellant.

492 P.3d 1180

STATE of Kansas, Appellee,

v.Jose Armando CONTRERAS, Appellant.

No. 119,584

Supreme Court of Kansas.

Opinion filed August 13, 2021.

Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the briefs for appellant.

Steven J. Obermeier, assistant solicitor general, argued the cause, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, was with him on the briefs for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by Stegall, J.:

The State appeals from a Court of Appeals decision reversing Jose Armando Contreras' convictions and remanding his case to the district court for a new trial. The facts of the case are exhaustively set forth in the Court of Appeals opinion. State v. Contreras , 58 Kan. App. 2d 255, 467 P.3d 522 (2020). For our purposes, the following limited recital will suffice.

Mother of the victim, K.B., was dating Contreras. When she spent the night at Contreras' apartment, her children—including K.B.—would go with her. About a year into the dating relationship, when K.B. was eight years old, Contreras told Mother that K.B. had attempted to perform oral sex on him. He reported that K.B. told him she had learned this behavior from her father.

Police were soon notified of the situation and began an investigation into possible sexual abuse of K.B. During several forensic interviews, K.B. related facts that demonstrated she had been sexually abused by both Contreras and Father. At one point, K.B. attempted to retract her allegations against Contreras, but she admitted to the forensic interviewer that Mother had put her up to the retraction. During the police interview with Contreras, he admitted there had been some sexual contact between he and K.B., but he insisted it had either been accidental or unwanted by him.

The State developed additional evidence over time and eventually charged Contreras with two counts of rape, two counts of criminal sodomy, and one count of aggravated intimidation of a victim. At trial, as part of his defense, Contreras called Father to testify, but Father invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Defense counsel argued Father could not invoke the privilege because he had already been convicted of the crime that was the intended target of questioning (the incidents occurring in December 2012).

At this point, the parties and the court attempted to discern Father's jeopardy status with respect to the December 2012 incident. Father had previously been convicted of sexual abuse of K.B. With respect to that conviction, the prosecutor told the court, "I don't have a copy of the plea agreement. All I have is the journal entry of judgment." But the prosecutor added that "[w]e can call up [Clark County] and get a copy of the plea agreement if the Court would like." The Court of Appeals recites what happened next, which is the key moment for purposes of this appeal:

"The district court then asked Father ‘[w]as part of that plea bargain agreement that you would not have any criminal liability for anything else involving any crimes that you perpetrated with regard to [K.B.]?’ Father answered affirmatively, stating he understood that any future prosecution would be barred as double jeopardy.

"The district court then reviewed Father's journal entry of judgment. It showed that Father had been convicted of criminal sodomy for acts between April 29, 2011, and March 5, 2012. Because that conviction did not involve any crimes in December 2012, the district court decided not to compel Father's testimony about the incident with K.B. in December 2012. The district court thus found that Father could still be prosecuted for acts with K.B. that had occurred in December 2012—the date Contreras wanted Father to testify about. The district court therefore allowed Father to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination and excused him from the trial." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 261, 467 P.3d 522.

At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Contreras on all five counts—two counts of rape, two counts of aggravated criminal sodomy, and one count of aggravated intimidation of a victim. The district court denied Contreras' departure motion and imposed a controlling life sentence without the possibility of parole for 25 years.

Contreras raised multiple issues on appeal, but the panel only addressed one—holding the district court erred when it permitted Father to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 274, 467 P.3d 522. After a harmless error analysis, the panel concluded it could not "say, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error in not compelling Father's testimony did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the entire record. Therefore, the error in permitting Father to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege was not harmless." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 277, 467 P.3d 522. Thus, the panel reversed all of Contreras' convictions, remanded for a full new trial, and refused to address the other briefed issues on appeal. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 277, 467 P.3d 522. We granted the State's petition for review.

DISCUSSION

The only issue before us is whether the Court of Appeals correctly found the lower court committed reversible error when it excluded Father's testimony because he invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. When analyzing this question, the panel concluded that the district court erred because it did not have the documents which showed that Father actually was not in any legal jeopardy for the December 2012 incidents, and therefore had no Fifth Amendment privilege to invoke. Specifically, the panel held:

"We agree that the district court's Fifth Amendment determination was made without the benefit of the essential documents that would have informed its decision. And we do not fault Contreras for that omission. Contreras supported his position that Father could testify with Father's assertion that he could not be prosecuted for the December 2012 event involving K.B. because it would be double jeopardy.

....

"The State invited the confusion by giving the district court Father's journal entry of judgment which showed only the dismissal of count one. The State failed to show the district court the plea agreement, the complaint, or the journal entry of arraignment which would have completed an accurate understanding of Father's prior conviction. Understanding the scope of Father's prior proceedings is essential to determining whether his testimony here might expose him to a future criminal charge.

"In June 2019, this court approved Contreras' motion on appeal to take judicial notice of additional documents relevant to Father's prior conviction. ...

"The three documents we have judicially noticed on appeal are all from Father's Clark County case 13 CR 25: the complaint, a journal entry of arraignment, and the same journal entry of judgment that the district court reviewed. The two documents provided to us, yet not shared with the district court, support Contreras' claim that at the time of trial Father did not have a privilege against self-incrimination for the December 2012 incident with K.B." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 270-71, 467 P.3d 522.

As a result, the panel found reversible error in the exclusion of the evidence. Before us, the parties spend a great deal of effort continuing to argue about the propriety of taking appellate judicial notice of these documents as well as arguing about what those documents actually say about Father's legal jeopardy. But these arguments are not relevant to the panel's far more basic mistake....