State v. Crosby

• Decision Date: 08 September 1981
• Docket Number: K-0406
• Parties: STATE of Louisiana v. Curtis O. CROSBY. NO. 81-
• Court: Louisiana Supreme Court

Page 1217

403 So.2d 1217

STATE of Louisiana v. Curtis O. CROSBY.

NO. 81-K-0406.

Supreme Court of Louisiana.

Sept. 8, 1981.

Keith D. Jones, Baton Rouge, for defendant-relator.

William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., Ossie Brown, Dist. Atty., Wiley Dial, Kay Kirkpatrick, Asst. Dist. Attys., for plaintiff-respondent.

LOTTINGER, Justice Ad Hoc. ^*

The defendant, Curtis O. Crosby, was charged by bill of information with the crime of possession of marijuana in violation of La.R.S. 40:967(C). On the date set for trial the trial court heard and denied defendant's motion to suppress evidence, ordered that the evidence be admitted, denied defendant's motion for directed verdict of acquittal and found the accused guilty as charged. We granted this writ of certiorari to review the trial court's finding that a warrantless search was justified as a valid inventory search of a vehicle. Additionally, the defendant raises the issue of the qualifications of a witness as an expert.

FACTS

On May 9, 1980, at approximately 4:30 p. m. Officer Dan Larkin, the arresting officer, pulled over the defendant for failure to come to a complete stop at an intersection in the Parish of East Baton Rouge. Officer Larkin ordered a driver's license and warrant check on the defendant. The warrant check revealed that there were outstanding arrest warrants for two counts of contempt of court. The defendant was thereupon placed under arrest, informed of his Miranda ¹ rights, and handcuffed and placed in the rear seat of the police unit. Officer Larkin then proceeded to call a wrecker service to store the vehicle. The officer asked the defendant if there was a family member in the vicinity who could come to pick up his car. There was none. The officer did not recall whether he asked the defendant if there were any valuables in the car nor whether the defendant consented to an inventory search of the car. As he proceeded to conduct an inventory search, he noticed a green leafy substance which appeared to be marijuana around a partially covered orange frisbee on the floor in front of the driver's seat. Closer examination revealed a "baggie" of this green substance underneath the frisbee and the floor mat.

MOTION TO SUPPRESS

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in disallowing his motion to suppress and subsequently admitting into evidence the seized marijuana. The gravamen of defendant's argument is that there was no need to impound the automobile, thus necessitating an inventory search. It is the defendant's position that he could have driven his automobile to the police station or parked the automobile in the parking area of the L.S.U. Golf Course. ² The defendant also argues that he could have been given a misdemeanor summons rather than having been arrested. Finally, the defendant argues that he should have been asked to consent to an inventory search or to consent to waive the protection afforded by such a search.

Without question a warrantless search and seizure occurred in this case. Thus, the burden of proof is upon the state to show affirmatively that this search and seizure were justified under one of the well recognized exceptions to the warrant requirements of the Fourth Amendment and the state constitution. State v. Hatfield, 364 So.2d 578 (La.1978).

Since the state claims that the evidence was seized pursuant to a valid inventory search, it bears the burden of showing that impoundment of the defendant's vehicle was necessary, and that inventory of the vehicle's contents was necessary and reasonable in its scope. State v. Jewell, 338 So.2d 633 (La.1976).

As we stated in State v. Jergnigan, 390 So.2d 1306 (La.1980):

"Some of the factors which this Court has considered significant in determining if the state has carried its burden are whether: the vehicle could have remained safely at or near the place it was stopped; the search was conducted in the field; formal impoundment procedures were followed; the tow truck was called before commencing the search; the vehicle operator was asked if he consented to a search, if the car contained valuables, of if he would consent to the agency's failure to afford him the protection of an inventory search; arrangements could have been made for someone designated by the operator to take possession or protective custody of the vehicle for him."

In denying the motion to suppress the trial judge relied on State v. Jergnigan, supra. We find Jergnigan persuasive though not controlling.

In Jergnigan defendant was stopped around midnight after a high speed chase. Because he had an out of state driver's license he was told to follow the state trooper to the local sheriff's office to post bond. In route the trooper noticed the defendant's car weaving in the road. The trooper pulled the defendant over for a second time, arrested him for DWI, and placed him in the back seat of the patrol car. The officer did not entrust the vehicle to the defendant's two passengers because they had also been drinking and did not have valid drivers' licenses. Arrangements were made to tow the car in and a search proceeded, turning up a quantity of marijuana. The defendant's consent was not obtained prior to the search, nor was he asked if he would waive the inventory search. We held the search valid. Justice Dennis in a dissent stated:

"First, the vehicle was stopped on the side of a highway inside the city limits of Gonzales in front of the Colonial Drive Inn; one of the defendant's companions offered to stay with the vehicle while he was booked at the station in the same town. The record is devoid of any convincing evidence that the vehicle could not have been left locked and under the watch of the companion at or near the place it was stopped. Second, the defendant was not asked for his consent to the search; he was not asked to consent to waive the protection of an inventory search; the officer was unable to produce the inventory record at the motion to suppress...