State v. Cummings, 22936.

• Decision Date: 21 April 2004
• Docket Number: No. 22936.,22936.
• Parties: STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Nicholas CUMMINGS, Defendant and Appellee.
• Court: South Dakota Supreme Court

679 N.W.2d 484

2004 SD 56

STATE of South Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellant, v. Nicholas CUMMINGS, Defendant and Appellee.

No. 22936.

Supreme Court of South Dakota.

Argued February 17, 2004.

Decided April 21, 2004.

Lawrence E. Long, Attorney General, John P. Guhin, Assistant Attorney General, Pierre, South Dakota, Attorneys for plaintiff and appellant.

Rena M. Atchison of Abourezk Law Firm, Rapid City, South Dakota, Attorney for defendant and appellee.

SABERS, Justice.

[¶ 1.] The State filed a petition for permission to take a discretionary appeal on July 31, 2003. The Court granted the petition on August 28, 2003. The State argues that the magistrate court abused its discretion by suppressing all evidence gathered by a state law enforcement officer after going onto the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in pursuit of a tribal member. We affirm.

FACTS

[¶ 2.] Nicholas Cummings, the Defendant, is a member of the Oglala Sioux Tribe and he resides on the Tribe's Pine Ridge Reservation. The reservation is in Shannon County. Fall River County adjoins Shannon County. On March 4, 2003, Deputy Sheriff Steven McMillin was traveling west when he observed Cummings traveling east on U.S. Highway 18 in Fall River County. Cummings was traveling 71 miles per hour in a 65 mile per hour zone. The deputy turned his vehicle around and began following Cummings. While still in Fall River County, the deputy observed the vehicle cross the yellow line. The deputy activated his lights and Cummings increased his speed to 90 miles per hour. The deputy gave chase. At the time the chase commenced, the vehicles were approximately two miles from the border of Shannon County and the reservation. The deputy pursued Cummings onto the reservation. Once he crossed onto the reservation, Cummings began to slow down and he stopped approximately one mile within the border.

[¶ 3.] The deputy exited his car, weapon drawn. He placed Defendant on his knees, handcuffed him, and brought him to the front of the patrol car. Once the deputy confirmed Cummings' identification, he removed the handcuffs. The deputy's recorder in his cruiser captured a conversation between the deputy and Defendant wherein Defendant stated that he had been drinking.

[¶ 4.] The deputy did not have a warrant to enter the reservation, and he failed to request permission from tribal authorities to enter the reservation. He did, however, advise authorities, through his dispatcher, that he was in pursuit and would be crossing onto the reservation. The Defendant was charged in state court with speeding and eluding.

[¶ 5.] After hearing arguments and taking testimony on Defendant's motion to suppress, the magistrate held that State v. Spotted Horse, 462 N.W.2d 463 (S.D.1990) required suppression of all evidence the officer obtained after he entered the reservation. Everything the officer observed before the Defendant went on the reservation was held admissible. The State appeals raising one issue:

Whether a state officer in fresh pursuit for a traffic violation may pursue a tribal member onto his reservation and gather evidence from the driver when the alleged crimes were committed off the reservation.

We affirm.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶ 6.] We review a trial court's grant or denial of a motion to suppress under the abuse of discretion standard. State v. Engesser, 2003 SD 47, ¶ 15, 661 N.W.2d 739, 746 (additional citation omitted). The trial court's findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard of review, but the application of a legal standard to those facts is a question of law, which we review de novo. State v. Hodges, 2001 SD 93, ¶ 8, 631 N.W.2d 206, 209.

[¶ 7.] Whether a state officer in fresh pursuit for a traffic violation may pursue a tribal member onto his reservation and gather evidence from the driver when the alleged crimes were committed off the reservation.

[¶ 8.] In State v. Spotted Horse, we faced a similar factual scenario. Spotted Horse, an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, who resided on the reservation, was observed driving a vehicle that did not display valid license plate stickers. Spotted Horse, 462 N.W.2d at 464. A Mobridge city police officer attempted to stop Spotted Horse while still in Mobridge. He gave chase and after a high speed pursuit, Spotted Horse finally came to a stop in his own driveway at his home on the reservation. After a violent scuffle, Spotted Horse was arrested and taken back to Mobridge. Id. On the way back to Mobridge, the officer smelled alcohol. The officer administered a field sobriety test at the police station, which Spotted Horse failed. Spotted Horse agreed to take a blood test and was ultimately charged with driving under the influence, eluding police, resisting arrest, driving without a license and failure to display current registration. Id. at 465. He was convicted of driving under the influence and failure to display current registration. Id. On appeal, this Court considered whether the police officer was permitted to pursue Spotted Horse onto the reservation and whether the State had jurisdiction to try Spotted Horse.

[¶ 9.] In holding that the State had jurisdiction to try Spotted Horse, we explained South Dakota's jurisdiction over reservations within the state. For the purpose of clarity, we will briefly discuss that history here. Under Public Law 280, passed by the United States Congress in 1953, states which had constitutions or statutes disclaiming jurisdiction over Indian Country were given statutory power to assume and exercise civil and criminal jurisdiction over reservations. Id. at 466. South Dakota was such a "disclaimer state." See S.D. Const. Art. XXII (providing in part, "we, the people inhabiting the state of South Dakota, do agree and declare that we forever disclaim all right and title to ... all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes[.]") In 1961, the South Dakota Legislature attempted to accept partial jurisdiction over Indian Reservations under Public Law 280. In Spotted Horse, we reversed a previous holding that the State could assert such partial jurisdiction. Relying on Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. South Dakota, 900 F.2d 1164 (8th Cir.1990), we agreed that the State lacked Public Law 280 jurisdiction because that legislation "did not validly retrocede jurisdiction to the state within the terms of PL 280" and because "South Dakota's limited excursion into the area of Indian jurisdiction [was] not responsive to the concerns underlying the passage of PL 280." Spotted Horse, 462 N.W.2d at 467 (citing Rosebud Sioux Tribe, 900 F.2d at 1170-71). Furthermore, because Congress amended Public Law 280 in 1968 to require tribal consent prior to any new assertion of jurisdiction, South Dakota was precluded from enforcing its 1961 legislation. This was so because, "the Tribes, particularly in South Dakota, have relied on the protection offered by the tribal consent amendment since 1968." Id. Since the State had no jurisdiction on the reservation, we held that our fresh pursuit statute "could not reach onto the reservation" and the arrest of Spotted Horse was illegal. Id.

[¶ 10.] Despite the illegality of Spotted Horse's arrest, we held that the trial court had jurisdiction to try the defendant. Spotted Horse, 462 N.W.2d at 467.¹ However, we suppressed all of the evidence gathered by the officer while he was on the reservation on the grounds that it was the fruit of an illegal arrest. Id. at 469 (citing Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963)). Despite the suppression of that evidence, we upheld the conviction for failure to display current registration. We reasoned that this was an offense committed off the reservation, and that proof of the offense was independently obtained through the officer's observations before the illegal arrest. Id.

[¶ 11.] As previously noted, the trial court relied on our holding in Spotted Horse to suppress all of the evidence obtained by the officer after he followed Cummings onto the reservation. State asserts that the trial court erred in relying on Spotted Horse and disregarding the United States Supreme Court's holding in Nevada v. Hicks, 533 U.S. 353, 121 S.Ct. 2304, 150 L.Ed.2d 398 (2001). Our review of Hicks reveals that its holding does not apply in this case and that the language the State relies upon in support of its argument is insufficient to allow such an incursion on tribal sovereignty, especially without specific direction from the United States Congress or a clear holding by a majority of the Supreme Court.

[¶ 12.] By its own terms, the holding of Hicks does not apply in this case. The Supreme Court phrased the issue in that case as:

[W]hether a tribal court may assert jurisdiction over civil claims against state officials who entered tribal land to execute a search warrant against a tribe member suspected of having violated state law outside the reservation.

Hicks, 533 U.S. at 355,121 S.Ct. at 2308,150 L.Ed.2d at 405 (emphasis supplied). Here, the question is whether a state officer may pursue a tribal member onto a reservation for a traffic offense without a warrant or tribal permission. The key distinction is that in Hicks, the Tribe was attempting to extend its jurisdiction over state officials by subjecting them to claims in tribal court. Here, the State is attempting to extend its jurisdiction into the boundaries of the Tribe's Reservation without consent of the Tribe or a tribal-state compact allowing such jurisdiction. In other words, in Hicks, tribal sovereignty was being used as a sword against state officers. Here, tribal sovereignty is being used as a shield to protect the Tribe's sovereignty from incursions by the State. See Frankie Sue Del Papa, C. Wayne Howle, Federal Bar Association Indian Law Conference: Reaffirming Tribal Sovereignty in an Era of Judicial Activism, Distilling the Essence of Nevada v. Hicks: The State's Perspective, 65.²...