State v. Daugherty

• Decision Date: 16 June 1992
• Docket Number: No. 1,CA-CR,1
• Citation: State v. Daugherty, 173 Ariz. 548, 845 P.2d 474 (Ariz. App. 1992)
• Parties: STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. Denise DAUGHERTY, Appellant. 91-1018.
• Court: Arizona Court of Appeals

Page 474

845 P.2d 474

173 Ariz. 548

STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v.Denise DAUGHERTY, Appellant.

No. 1 CA-CR 91-1018.

Court of Appeals of Arizona Division 1, Department A.

June 16, 1992.

Review Denied Feb. 17, 1993.

[173 Ariz. 549] Grant Woods, Atty. Gen. by Paul J. McMurdie, Chief Counsel, Crim. Div., Barbara A. Jarrett, Asst. Atty. Gen., Phoenix, for appellee.

Dean W. Trebesch, Maricopa County Public Defender by Stephen Collins, Deputy Public Defender, Phoenix, for appellant.

OPINION

GRANT, Judge.

This appeal challenges a jury verdict finding Denise Daugherty("defendant") guilty of pandering, a class 5 felony.

FACTS

In the course of a routine investigation of escort services, massage parlors and modeling agencies for potential violations of prostitution laws, Phoenix police officers contacted the defendant.The officers called the defendant after finding two advertisements for a company called "Night Moves" in "Bachelor Beat," an adult magazine.The ads portrayed Night Moves as a "modeling and companionship" service.One of the ads solicited "attractive women" to work for the company as models/companions.

An undercover policewoman, Officer S., arranged a meeting with the defendant under the pretense of seeking employment with Night Moves.The meeting took place at a bar in Phoenix.Defendant was present with her boyfriend, to whom defendant had referred as a co-owner of Night Moves.Officer S. discussed with the two co-owners the details of the company and her potential role as an employee.She was told that Night Moves worked on an "out-call" basis, in that models went to customers' locations rather than customers coming to the models.The conversation lasted approximately one hour, with detailed references to prostitution acts that Officer S. would be expected to perform as a "model" for the company.Defendant and her companion also outlined procedures an employee was expected to follow for collecting money from customers, refusing to perform certain sex acts, restricting the length of visits, as well as procedures to follow in case the employee was arrested for a prostitution offense.

Thereafter the defendant and her companion were arrested and charged with Count I: keeping or residing in a house of prostitution, and Count II: pandering.The proceedings against the defendant were separate from any proceedings against her boyfriend/co-owner.At the close of the state's evidence at trial, the court granted the defendant's motion for a directed verdict on Count I but denied the motion as to Count II.SeeAriz.R.Crim.P. 20.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting hearsay testimony concerning the statements made by defendant's boyfriend during the three-way conversation at the bar.She also contends that the court should have granted the Rule 20 motion as to Count II because the state failed to prove a corpus delicti for the pandering charge.

A.Hearsay Statements

The trial court ruled that the statements of the defendant's companion/co-owner were admissible, and were not hearsay, because the defendant adopted the statements as her own.SeeAriz.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(B).The relevant portion of Rule 801,Arizona Rules of Evidence, provides as follows:

The following definitions apply under this article:

* * * * * *

(d) Statements Which Are Not Hearsay.A statement is not hearsay if--

* * * * * *

(2) Admissions by Party-Opponent.The statement is offered against a party and is (A)the party's own statement, in either an individual or a representative capacity, or

(B) a statement of which the party has manifested an adoption or belief in its truth ...

The state argues that the defendant adopted the statements of her companion either by her silence or by her active participation in the conversation at the bar.Defendant argues that silence is not enough for adoption, and that adoption of the statements of another requires an affirmative act.Although there is authority for the proposition that adoption of statements may occur by silence, seeM. Udall, et al., Arizona Practice: Law of Evidence, § 125 (3rd ed. 1991), we need not reach this issue because the record reveals that the defendant adopted the statements by active participation in the conversation with Officer S. at the bar.The evidence at trial showed that the defendant expressly agreed with many of the statements made by her companion.In fact, many times during the conversation she expounded on the statements by adding her own explanations and comments regarding procedures to be followed during Officer S.'s potential encounters with Night Moves' customers.Defendant's active participation in the conversation shows her adoption of the statements made by her companion.The trial court did not err by allowing testimony of the substance of the entire conversation.¹SeeState v. Thomas, 104 Ariz. 408, 454 P.2d 153(1969);State v. Stanley, 156 Ariz. 492, 753 P.2d 182(App.1988).

B.Proof of Corpus Delicti

An accused may not be convicted based on out-of-court admissions or confessions.State v. Gillies, 135 Ariz. 500, 506, 662 P.2d 1007, 1013(1983), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1059, 105 S.Ct. 1775, 84 L.Ed.2d 834(1985)."Before such confessions are admissible as evidence of a crime, the state must establish the corpus delicti by proving that a certain result has been produced and that someone is criminally responsible for that result."Id.

The corpus delicti rule provides that, before the state can use a defendant's incriminating statement at trial, the state must provide evidence independent of the confession or admission that tends to indicate that the defendant committed the crime charged.State v. Melendez, 135 Ariz. 390, 393, 661 P.2d 654, 657(App.1982).The rule developed in English jurisprudence as judicial attitudes began to change concerning the sufficiency of convictions based on confessions alone.Comment, California's Corpus Delicti Rule: The Case for Review and Clarification, 20 UCLA L.Rev. 1055, 1058-1065(1973);Note, Proof of the Corpus Delicti Aliunde: The Defendant's Confession, 103 U.Pa.L.Rev. 638(1955).Rare but well-publicized cases of the reappearance of a missing person after his confessed killer had been convicted and executed were the impetus for the development of this doctrine.SeePerrys' Case, 14 How.St.Tr. 1312(1661), as described in R. Perkins & R. Boyce, Criminal Law, ch. 2 § 1(G)(3d ed. 1982).The rationale for the corpus delicti rule was the realization that confessions may be untrustworthy because of involuntariness (due to improper police conduct) or unreliability (due to the mental instability of the accused).Developments in the Law--Confessions, 79 Harv.L.Rev. 938, 1073(1966).

This potential, that a suspect might falsely confess to a nonexistent crime, led to the development in most jurisdictions of a rule requiring the production of some independent evidence that the crime actually occurred.Other jurisdictions, including federal courts, instead required only a showing of independent substantial evidence establishing the trustworthiness of the statements.Opper v. United States, 348 U.S. 84, 75 S.Ct. 158, 99 L.Ed. 101(1954);see, McCormick on Evidence, § 145(J. Strong4th ed. 1984);State v. Parker, 315 N.C. 222, 337 S.E.2d 487, 491-495(1985)(adopting federal "trustworthiness" standard and no longer requiring independent proof establishing corpus delicti ).Our own legislature has abolished the corpus delicti rule in automobile collision cases involving injury or death.SeeAriz.Rev.Stat.Ann("A.R.S.")§ 28-692(L), effective June 28th, 1990.

We recently held that confessions are admissible "only when the state establishes the corpus delicti--'the body of the crime'--by presenting evidence that is sufficient, independent of the confessions, to warrant a reasonable inference" that the charged crime has occurred and that the defendant is responsible.State v. Jackson, 108 Ariz.Adv.Rep. 3, 1992 WL 37466(App.March 3, 1992).Jackson was charged with child molestation and sexual conduct with a minor.Therefore we distinguish Jackson, in which the crime was committed by physical actions, from the present case, in which statements constitute the crime itself.

The defendant argues that her statements were the only proof of pandering and that, without some independent proof of the corpus delicti, the statements are inadmissible.

The present case...