State v. English

• Decision Date: 06 April 2022
• Docket Number: Appellate Case No. 2018-000850,Opinion No. 5904
• Parties: The STATE, Respondent, v. Eric Emanuel ENGLISH, Appellant.
• Court: South Carolina Court of Appeals

436 S.C. 338

872 S.E.2d 191

The STATE, Respondent,

v.Eric Emanuel ENGLISH, Appellant.

Appellate Case No. 2018-000850

Opinion No. 5904

Court of Appeals of South Carolina.

Heard September 14, 2021

Filed April 6, 2022

Rehearing Denied May 6, 2022

Appellate Defender Joanna Katherine Delany, of Columbia, for Appellant.

Attorney General Alan McCrory Wilson, Assistant Attorney General Mark Reynolds Farthing, both of Columbia; and Solicitor Samuel R. Hubbard, III, of Lexington, all for Respondent.

LOCKEMY, A.J.:

Eric Emanuel English appeals his conviction for first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC) with a minor and sentence of forty years' imprisonment. English argues the trial court erred in admitting medical test results of himself and another individual who was also alleged to have sexually abused the victim because no one from the laboratories that provided the test results testified to substantiate the results. We affirm.

FACTS

The victim (Victim) was English's daughter. She was eleven years old at the time of English's trial. Victim lived with her mother, and until the incident in question, she spent weekends with English at his home.

On the morning of March 3, 2014, a few days after the last visit with English, Victim went to the nurse's office at her elementary school and complained her underwear was wet and dirty. In the early afternoon of the next day, Victim returned to the school nurse's office, this time complaining not only that her underwear was wet but also that she felt pain in her genital area. Victim went back to the nurse's office about an hour later, again requesting to change her underwear and complaining of discomfort in her genital area. Eventually, the school nurse was able to reach Victim's mother, who agreed to take Victim to a doctor.

After Victim returned home from school that day, she showed her soiled underwear to her mother. Victim then revealed that during her last visit with English, which occurred when she was between six and seven years old, English "put his private in [her] private" and ejaculated while she was sleeping. Victim's mother took Victim to Palmetto Health Richland Hospital, where a nurse collected samples of Victim's blood and urine and swabs from her vagina. The samples were sent to the hospital's laboratory for analysis, and some of the test results were sent to a reference laboratory outside the hospital for additional work. On March 5, 2014, a pediatrician diagnosed Victim with gonorrhea

.

Jamie Stroman was the boyfriend of Victim's mother and lived with Victim and her mother. On March 5, 2014, Stroman visited a Lexington Medical Center urgent care facility in Swansea and requested to be tested for sexually transmitted diseases

(STDs) because he had engaged in unprotected sex during the past two weeks. The hospital provided a hepatitis profile and tests for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. Blood work and urethral swabs for the testing were collected on March 5, 2014, and sent to the laboratory at the main hospital on March 6, 2014. Stroman tested positive only for type I herpes.

On March 6, 2014, English went to Lexington Medical Center and requested to be checked for STDs. After examining English and inquiring about his symptoms, Dr. Wesley Frierson obtained swabs for gonorrhea

and chlamydia, which he sent to the in-house laboratory at Lexington Medical Center. English tested positive for gonorrhea.

Although Victim had already been diagnosed with gonorrhea

, no charges were pending against English when he and Stroman were tested for STDs.

On March 18, 2014, Victim was interviewed at the Dickerson Children's Advocacy Center (the Dickerson Center).¹ Victim revealed English assaulted her during her last weekend visit to his house. She said she was seven at the time and the assault occurred while she was sleeping on the living room floor.²

In a subsequent counseling session at the Dickerson Center on June 3, 2014, Victim disclosed Stroman had also assaulted her. On June 16, 2014, Stroman admitted to law enforcement that he assaulted Victim by digitally penetrating her. On March 30, 2017, Stroman was convicted of first-degree CSC with a minor following a jury trial.³

English was arrested in March 2014, and on October 16, 2017, he was indicted for first-degree CSC with a minor. A jury trial in the matter took place from January 8 through January 10, 2018. English did not appear, and he was tried in his absence.

The State made a pretrial motion to introduce the test results of both English and Stroman pursuant to Rule 803(6), SCRE. Citing Ex parte Department of Health and Environmental Control , 350 S.C. 243, 565 S.E.2d 293 (2002) ( Ex parte DHEC ), the State argued the results were business records of tests done for the purposes of medical diagnosis and treatment. The State asserted it could introduce the test results without presenting witnesses to substantiate them. English opposed the motion and argued the results were inadmissible hearsay pursuant to State v. James , in which our supreme court stated, "Whe[n] the results of tests or analyses are offered to prove an essential element of a crime or connect a defendant directly with the commission of a crime, such results must be substantiated by the person who conducted the tests or analyses." 255 S.C. 365, 370, 179 S.E.2d 41, 43 (1971). Citing State v. Chisholm , 395 S.C. 259, 717 S.E.2d 614 (Ct. App. 2011), the trial court stated it would allow the State to introduce the test results, provided a witness laid the foundation for the test. English renewed his objections when the State introduced the test results during trial, and the trial court admitted the results into evidence under Chisholm and "as a business record exception of hearsay."

Victim testified at trial and stated that when she last spent the night with English, he "put his thing in [her] private" and ejaculated. Victim testified she was six or seven when this occurred. Victim stated she did not tell anyone at first because she was afraid she would get in trouble. She recounted her visits to the school nurse and explained that when she got home from school, she showed her mother her underwear and told her about what English had done. In its closing argument, the State argued English's STD test results connected him directly to the sexual assault.

The jury found English guilty of first-degree CSC with a minor, and the trial court issued a sealed sentence. On April 9, 2018, English was brought before the trial court, which unsealed the sentence and ordered him to serve forty years' imprisonment. Thereafter, English moved to have his sentence reconsidered. The trial court held a hearing and issued a ruling from the bench denying the motion. This appeal followed.

ISSUE ON APPEAL

Did the trial court err in admitting medical test results for English and Stroman without requiring testimony from the persons who tested the samples and determined the test results?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

"The appellate court reviews a trial [court's] ruling on admissibility of evidence pursuant to an abuse of discretion standard and gives great deference to the trial court." State v. Cross , 427 S.C. 465, 473, 832 S.E.2d 281, 285 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Torres , 390 S.C. 618, 625, 703 S.E.2d 226, 230 (2010) ). "An abuse of discretion occurs when the conclusions of the trial court either lack evidentiary support or are controlled by an error of law." Id. (quoting State v. Douglas , 369 S.C. 424, 429-30, 632 S.E.2d 845, 848 (2006) ).

LAW AND ANALYSIS

English argues the trial court erred in admitting the STD test results of himself and Stroman because the persons who tested and analyzed the samples did not testify and the State used the results to connect him directly to the crime. He contends that pursuant to James , without substantiation of the test results by witnesses who could attest to the methods and the qualifications of the testers, the test results were inadmissible hearsay. English contends the STD test results were not admissible as a record of regularly conducted activity pursuant to Rule 803(6), SCRE, because without information about the testing methods and the qualification of the testers, the results could not be "found to be trustworthy by the [trial] court." We disagree.

First, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the STD test results into evidence because James is distinguishable and does not require exclusion of the test results in this case. In James , the defendant was convicted of administering arsenic to her husband with intent to kill him. 255 S.C. at 367, 179 S.E.2d at 42. At issue in her appeal was the trial court's decision to allow two physicians to testify about the arsenic content of urine collected from the decedent while he was being treated at Greenville General Hospital for polyneuritis

. Id. at 367-69, 179 S.E.2d at 42-43. The urine was mailed to a California laboratory, which completed an analysis that was sent to Greenville General Hospital and copied into the decedent's hospital record. Id. at 367-68, 179 S.E.2d at 42. The trial court allowed the disputed testimony despite the witnesses' admissions that they did not know who performed the analysis or the method employed and could not vouch for the validity of the report. Id. at 368, 179 S.E.2d at 42. Our supreme court reversed the conviction, stating,

Whe[n] the results of tests or analyses are offered to prove an essential element of a crime or connect a defendant directly with the commission of a crime, such results must be substantiated by the person who conducted the tests or analyses. Otherwise, the effect of their admission would be to allow a witness to testify without being subject to cross-examination, and thus deprive the accused of his constitutional right to be confronted with and to cross-examine the witness against him.

Id. at 370, 179 S.E.2d at 43.

This case is distinguishable from James . First, in James , the hospital sent...