State v. Fox

• Decision Date: 22 October 2001
• Docket Number: No. 01-110.,01-110.
• Citation: 34 P.3d 484,306 Mont. 353,2001 MT 209
• Parties: STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Daniel FOX, Defendant and Appellant.
• Court: Montana Supreme Court

34 P.3d 484

2001 MT 209

306 Mont. 353

STATE of Montana, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Daniel FOX, Defendant and Appellant.

No. 01-110.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted on Briefs August 9, 2001.

Decided October 22, 2001.

Gordon H. Williams, Bozeman, MT, for Appellant.

Mike McGrath, Montana Attorney General, Cregg W. Coughlin, Assistant Montana Attorney General, Helena, MT; Marty Lambert, Gallatin County Attorney, Todd Whipple, Deputy Gallatin County Attorney, Bozeman, MT, for Respondent.

Justice JAMES C. NELSON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶ 1 Following his arrest for the crime of Partner or Family Member Assault, Daniel Fox (Fox) pleaded guilty in the Justice Court of Gallatin County to purposely or knowingly causing reasonable apprehension of bodily injury in a partner or family member. A few days later, Fox filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. The Justice Court denied his motion and Fox appealed to the District Court for the Eighteenth Judicial District, Gallatin County. The District Court subsequently dismissed Fox's appeal for lack of jurisdiction. Fox now appeals the order of the District Court. We affirm.

¶ 2 Fox raises the following issue on appeal: Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Fox's appeal of an order entered in the Justice Court denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

Factual and Procedural Background

¶ 3 On August 12, 2000, Fox was arrested and charged with the crime of Partner or Family Member Assault, a misdemeanor, in violation of § 45-5-206, MCA. Two days later, Fox appeared in Justice Court and indicated that he understood his rights, including his right to be represented by an attorney. Fox then waived his right to an attorney and pleaded guilty to the charge. He was sentenced to six months in jail, with all but 24 hours suspended, and a $250 fine.

¶ 4 On August 18, 2000, Fox filed a motion in the Justice Court to withdraw his guilty plea. He argued that he felt compelled to plead guilty because he had no money to post bail and he could not afford to miss any work by remaining in jail. A public defender was appointed to represent him during the pendency of his motion to change his plea.

¶ 5 The Justice Court subsequently denied Fox's motion to change his plea and, on August 31, 2000, Fox, acting pro se, appealed to the District Court. He argued that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary and that he was never informed that by pleading guilty to the charge he would not be able to possess a firearm.

¶ 6 On September 15, 2000, the State filed a motion to dismiss Fox's appeal for lack of jurisdiction. The District Court issued a Memorandum and Order on November 13, 2000, wherein the court determined that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain the appeal because there is no statute or rule allowing Fox to appeal to the District Court on this issue. Hence, the court granted the State's motion to dismiss. Fox now appeals the District Court's order dismissing his appeal from Justice Court.

Discussion

¶ 7 Whether the District Court erred in dismissing Fox's appeal of an order entered in the Justice Court denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

¶ 8 Fox argues that the District Court's order dismissing his appeal was in error and that we should reverse the District Court and remand this case for an evidentiary hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea. He contends that his guilty plea in Justice Court was "involuntary and not fully informed." The State argues, on the other hand, that there is no statutory right to appeal from a justice court's order denying a motion to withdraw a guilty plea.

¶ 9 Fox is correct when he argues that a guilty plea must be voluntarily and knowingly entered into. However, that is not the issue in this case. Our concern here is to determine whether the denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea in a justice court is appealable to a district court. We hold that it is not.

¶ 10 This Court has repeatedly stated that the right to appeal a criminal conviction from a justice court is purely statutory. State v. Feight, 2001 MT 205, ¶ 11, 306 Mont. 312, ¶ 11, 33 P.3d 623, ¶ 11 (citing State v. Barker (1993), 260 Mont. 85, 91, 858 P.2d 360, 363; State v. Ward (1994), 266 Mont. 424, 427, 880 P.2d 1343, 1345; State v. Todd (1993), 262 Mont. 108, 113, 863 P.2d 423, 426). Moreover, we stated in Feight that "a new trial in district court is the exclusive statutory appellate remedy from a justice court and that `[a] district court does not have appellate jurisdiction to review the correctness of legal conclusions made by a justice court.'" Feight, ¶ 11 (quoting Todd, 262 Mont. at 113, 863 P.2d at 426).¹

¶ 11 Section 3-5-303, MCA, provides:

Except as provided in XX-XX-XXX, the district court has appellate jurisdiction in cases arising in justices' courts and other courts of limited jurisdiction in their respective districts as may be prescribed by law and consistent with the constitution. [Emphasis added.]

The noted exception, § 46-17-203, MCA, provides that entry of a guilty plea in justice court waives a defendant's right to a trial de novo. Section 46-17-203(2), MCA. This exception is applicable in this case because Fox pleaded guilty in the Justice Court thereby waiving his right to a trial de novo.

¶ 12 "Statutes relating to appeals are mandatory and jurisdictional, and, in a sense, prohibitory and jurisdictional in that they limit the right of appeal to the method expressly provided by statute." Feight, ¶ 14 (citing Montana Power Co. v. Montana Dept. of Pub. Serv. Regulation (1985), 218 Mont. 471, 479, 709 P.2d 995, 999; State ex rel. Clark v. District Court (1954), 128 Mont. 526, 528, 278 P.2d 1000, 1001; In re Malick's Estate (1951), 124 Mont. 585, 589, 228 P.2d 963, 965). Section 46-17-311, MCA, provides the exclusive statutory remedy for appeals from the courts of limited jurisdiction. See Todd, 262 Mont. at 113, 863 P.2d at 426. Section 46-17-311(2), MCA, provides that the district court must conduct a trial de novo after a lower court's "judgment is rendered following a trial." Here, because Fox pleaded guilty, there was no trial and no entry of judgment following a trial.

¶ 13 Section 46-17-311, MCA, does provide for a district court to review legal issues preserved for appeal pursuant to § 46-12-204, MCA. Specifically, a defendant may enter a guilty plea and, with the approval of the court and consent of the prosecution, reserve the right to appeal to the district court from "the adverse determination of any specified pretrial motion." Section 46-12-204(3), MCA. However, Fox did not reserve his right to appeal to the District Court or seek appellate review of a pretrial motion in compliance with this statute. Therefore, § 46-12-204, MCA, does not authorize his appeal.²

¶ 14 Fox relies on State v. Doty (1977), 173 Mont. 233, 566 P.2d 1388, for the proposition that a district court has jurisdiction to review a justice court's denial of a motion to withdraw a guilty plea. However, Doty was handed down more than a dozen years before the amendment to § 46-17-203, MCA, which specifically prohibits appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction following entry of a guilty plea. Moreover, Doty did not address whether the defendant was entitled to appeal to a district court from a justice court, but rather, whether the defendant should have been permitted to discuss his case directly with the county attorney and subsequently change his plea without the assistance of his counsel of record. Doty, 173 Mont. at 237-38, 566 P.2d at 1391.

¶ 15 Fox also relies on State v. Rogers (1994), 267 Mont. 190, 883 P.2d 115, to support his argument that once the Justice Court issued an order denying his motion, that order became a final justice court proceeding which is subject to an appeal de novo by a district court. However, as we noted in Feights, Rogers is not on point because we did not discuss in that case the withdrawal of a guilty plea. Instead, Rogers dealt with an appeal following the revocation of a suspended sentence. There we reversed the district court's dismissal of the appeal and focused on whether a revocation of a suspended sentence was a criminal proceeding falling within the ambit of § 46-17-311, MCA (1993). Rogers, 267 Mont. at 193-94, 883 P.2d at 118.

¶ 16 Fox also turns to the legislative history of the 1989 amendment to § 46-17-203, MCA, that expressly prohibits de novo appeals to a district court following entry of a guilty plea in a justice or city court. However, there is no uncertainty or ambiguity in this statute, thus it must be applied as written. Bradley v. North Country...