State v. Gallipeau
| Decision Date | 30 September 1994 |
| Docket Number | Nos. 20019,20228 and 20622,s. 20019 |
| Citation | 909 P.2d 619,128 Idaho 1 |
| Parties | STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Gary W. GALLIPEAU, Defendant-Appellant (Two Cases). Gary W. GALLIPEAU, Petitioner-Appellant, v. STATE of Idaho, Respondent. |
| Court | Idaho Court of Appeals |
Larry EchoHawk, Atty. Gen., Myrna A.I. Stahman, Deputy Atty. Gen., and Robert R. Gates, Legal Services Div., Boise, for respondent.
This is a consolidation of three appeals. Gary W. Gallipeau appeals from an order revoking probation and executing a suspended sentence for grand theft (docket number 20228), a judgment of conviction for fraudulent use of a financial transaction card (docket number 20019), and an order denying a petition for a writ of habeas corpus (docket number 20622). We find no error in the actions of the trial courts and, therefore, affirm.
In 1987 defendant Gary Gallipeau pleaded guilty to a charge in Nez Perce County for grand theft, I.C. § 18-2403(1) and § 18-2407(1). The sentencing court withheld judgment pursuant to I.C. § 19-2601(3) and placed Gallipeau on five years' probation with one year to be served in the county jail. On February 27, 1991, after finding that Gallipeau had violated probation, the court entered a judgment of conviction and imposed a sentence of two to seven years' confinement. The court retained jurisdiction for 180 days and thereafter suspended the sentence, once again placing Gallipeau on probation, this time for seven years.
In April 1992, another criminal complaint was filed in Nez Perce County charging Gallipeau with two counts of grand theft, I.C. § 18-2403(1) and § 18-2407(1)(b)(3), and with two counts of fraudulent use of a financial transaction card, I.C. § 18-3124. Gallipeau pleaded guilty to one count of fraudulent use of a financial transaction card, and the other charges were dismissed. On April 22, 1992, Gallipeau was sentenced to a term of seven years with two years determinate. The court also revoked probation in the 1987 grand theft case and ordered execution of the previously suspended sentence.
On September 11, 1992, Gallipeau filed a motion pursuant to I.C.R. 35 to correct an illegal sentence on the conviction for fraudulent use of a financial transaction card. Gallipeau pointed out that the maximum sentence available for a felony violation of I.C. § 18-3124 was five years. I.C. § 18-3127. The district court corrected the sentence to require that Gallipeau serve a minimum of two years followed by an indeterminate term of three years.
Gallipeau filed timely notices of appeal from both the judgment of conviction for fraudulent use of a financial transaction card and the order revoking his probation on the grand theft conviction.
Unfortunately, difficulties arose in obtaining the transcripts that Gallipeau requested for the appeals, which included transcripts of hearings dating back to 1986 in the grand theft case. Although the transcripts were due under I.A.R. 24(d) on approximately July 30, 1992, they were not filed until April 8, 1993 and July 2, 1993. Based upon this delinquency in the court reporters' preparation of the transcripts, Gallipeau filed in the magistrate division of the district court in Ada County a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus, Docket No. 20622. In that petition he requested that the criminal convictions be vacated and that he be released from prison.
The petition was denied on the ground that it failed to present a claim upon which the extraordinary relief of habeas corpus may be granted. Gallipeau's appeal from that order was consolidated with his appeals in the criminal cases.
We will first address Gallipeau's petition for habeas corpus because, if he is entitled to the relief sought in his petition, his other appeals may become moot.
Gallipeau asserts that he is entitled to unconditional release from prison due to the State's dereliction in preparing the transcripts for appeal. He relies upon cases from West Virginia holding that a convicted defendant who is deprived of an expeditious appeal by "extraordinary dereliction" in the preparation of transcripts is entitled to release from custody. See State v. Warden, Huttonsville Corrections Center, 169 W.Va. 421, 288 S.E.2d 176 (1982); Johnson v. McKenzie, 160 W.Va. 385, 235 S.E.2d 138 (1977); Rhodes v. Leverette, 160 W.Va. 781, 239 S.E.2d 136 (1977); State ex rel. Johnson v. McKenzie, 159 W.Va. 795, 226 S.E.2d 721 (1976).
Gallipeau's claim for relief in his petition for a writ of habeas corpus presents an issue of first impression in this State. However, a number of jurisdictions have held that inordinate delay in processing a criminal appeal may constitute a deprivation of due process. United States v. Kimmons, 917 F.2d 1011, 1014 (7th Cir.1990); United States v. Antoine, 906 F.2d 1379, 1382 (9th Cir.1990), cert. denied 498 U.S. 963, 111 S.Ct. 398, 112 L.Ed.2d 407 (1990); Rheuark v. Shaw, 628 F.2d 297, 302-03 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied 450 U.S. 931, 101 S.Ct. 1392, 67 L.Ed.2d 365 (1981); United States v. Johnson, 732 F.2d 379, 381 (4th Cir.1984), cert. denied 469 U.S. 1033, 105 S.Ct. 505, 83 L.Ed.2d 396 (1984); United States v. Pratt, 645 F.2d 89 (1st Cir.1981); State v. Pennington, 179 W.Va. 139, 365 S.E.2d 803 (1987); Graham v. State, 171 Ga.App. 242, 319 S.E.2d 484, 493 (1984); State v. Chapple, 135 Ariz. 281, 660 P.2d 1208 (1983). We agree that an extreme delay of the appellate process may, in some circumstances, rise to the level of a due process violation.
In evaluating whether a deprivation of due process has resulted from the delay of an appeal, most courts have chosen one of two distinct analytical approaches. The first group, represented by Antoine, Rheuark, Johnson, and Graham, have employed the four-factor balancing test announced in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2191, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), for assessment of speedy trial violations. This test requires consideration of (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for delay, (3) whether the defendant demanded a more rapidly scheduled trial, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay. Id.
The other group, which includes Chapple and United States v. Alston, 412 A.2d 351, 358-59 (D.C.1980), focus upon prejudice to the defendant's ability to adequately defend himself if the appeal were to result in a new trial. These decisions reject the Barker analysis because, they postulate, the interests guarded by the constitutional right to a speedy trial differ from those at stake during an appeal:
[The defendant's conviction] can be said, in fairness, to rebut the presumption of innocence which underlies the right to bail, and implicitly, underlies the right to a speedy trial. Thus, in a fundamental sense--absent pretrial delay--the conviction and sentencing have satisfied the interests of Alston, 412 A.2d at 358-59; State v. Chapple, 660 P.2d at 1226.
the defendant, as well as the public, in a speedy trial, and the burden of persuasion on appeal has shifted from the state to the defendant. The variety of concerns of a defendant who has been accused but never brought to trial has been dispelled in the case of defendant who had the opportunity to stand trial. Thus, judicial consideration of the appeal period does not require the kind of emphasis on delay as such that the Sixth Amendment imposes on the period between arrest and trial. It follows that, once again, there is one, predominant concern when a defendant faces appellate delay: prejudice to the ability to defend against the charge in the event of a second trial.
It appears that under either of these approaches some showing of prejudice is necessary in order to establish a deprivation of due process. The court in Antoine, after adopting the four-part Barker v. Wingo test, went on to opine that "a due process violation cannot be established absent a showing of prejudice to the appellant." Antoine, 906 F.2d at 1382. See also United States v. Kimmons, 917 F.2d 1011, 1014-15 (). Prejudice may exist if the appellant has been impaired in his or her ability to present the appeal, to obtain meaningful relief through the appeal, or to defend in the event that the case is remanded for a new trial or other proceedings.
We conclude that it is unnecessary to adopt either the Barker v. Wingo analysis or the Alston approach in order to evaluate Gallipeau's claim, for the absence of prejudice in this case precludes relief under either formulation. Gallipeau has not alleged that the delay in preparation of the transcripts was prejudicial. He does not assert, and we do not perceive, that this delay hindered Gallipeau's ability to address issues that were or could have been raised on the appeals, that it would impede the effectiveness of any relief that might be granted on these appeals, or that it would disadvantage Gallipeau in the event of proceedings on remand.
Accordingly, we hold that the magistrate in Ada County properly denied Gallipeau's petition for a writ of habeas corpus.
We turn now to the merits of Gallipeau's appeals from the revocation of probation in the 1987 case and the judgment of conviction in the 1992 case.
With respect to the 1987 case he asserts that the court lacked jurisdiction to extend or revoke probation. With respect to the 1992 case he contends that:
1) the sentence was illegal;
2) the district court allowed testimony from Gallipeau's psychological counselor without first conducting a hearing to determine if Gallipeau had waived the psychotherapist-patient privilege;
3) the court erroneously considered an eighteen-year-old conviction in sentencing...
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