State v. Graham

• Decision Date: 23 April 1980
• Docket Number: No. 63754,63754
• Citation: 291 N.W.2d 345
• Parties: STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Billy Joe GRAHAM, Appellant.
• Court: Iowa Supreme Court

Page 345

291 N.W.2d 345

STATE of Iowa, Appellee, v. Billy Joe GRAHAM, Appellant.

No. 63754.

Supreme Court of Iowa.

April 23, 1980.

Robert A. Rolfe of Phipps & Rolfe, Lamoni, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Atty. Gen., Douglas F. Staskal, Asst. Atty. Gen. and Arnold O. Kenyon, III, Union County Atty., Creston, for appellee.

Considered by REYNOLDSON, C. J., and LeGRAND, UHLENHOPP, ALLBEE and LARSON, JJ.

LARSON, Justice.

This defendant appeals his conviction of robbery in the first degree in violation of section 711.1-.2, Supplement to the Code 1977. He alleges error in the trial court's overruling of his (1) motion to suppress, (2) pretrial motion to dismiss for lack of corroboration of accomplice testimony, (3) motion for judgment of acquittal based on the same grounds, and (4) alternative motions to dismiss or for a new trial based on the failure of the county attorney to file a written oath of office. We find no error in any of the trial court proceedings and affirm.

At approximately 1:30 a. m., December 24, 1978, three subjects robbed the Pizza Hut in Creston. Shortly before noon on December 27, a Creston police officer went to Lynn Fitzgerald's house and asked him to come down to the station and bring his coveralls and boots. This was done without securing either a search warrant or an arrest warrant. Fitzgerald went to the police station where he was interrogated. During the interrogation he implicated the defendant, together with a Scott Kuehl, and himself in the robbery.

A county attorney's information was filed, charging the defendant with the crime and following disposition of defendant's motion to suppress, the case proceeded to trial. The first trial of this matter ended in a mistrial. On the second trial, the jury found the defendant guilty and he was sentenced on May 30. He filed his notice of appeal on the same day. On June 27 he filed his alternative motions to dismiss or for a new trial.

I. County Attorney. This issue has also been presented in State v. Sheets, 291 N.W.2d 35 (Iowa 1980), filed this same date. It is not necessary to reiterate the facts or the legal analysis. We hold that defendant waived this issue for failure to present it within the time constraints of Iowa R.Crim.P. 10 and that the alleged deficiency in the information did not affect the trial court's subject-matter jurisdiction.

II. Motion to Suppress. Defendant's motion to suppress was based on the derivation of evidence from Fitzgerald's allegedly illegal arrest and interrogation without the benefit of counsel. He argues the evidence must be excluded as "fruit of the poisonous tree." Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488, 83 S.Ct. 407, 417, 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963). The trial court ruled that Fitzgerald was arrested but felt there was no need to determine the legality of the arrest because the fourth and fifth amendment rights implicated by these police actions are "personal rights" and that the "exclusionary rule should not be extended to others (than) that person" whose rights are violated. We concur in the trial court's ruling.

In analyzing a "poisonous tree" argument in the context of this case, one thing is clear: Not everybody is entitled to complain about the quality of its fruit. This defendant contends Fitzgerald's fourth and fifth amendment rights were abridged by the arrest and interrogation which followed. We need not reach that issue, because he may not raise them, even if they were established.

The Supreme Court has consistently ruled that exclusion of evidence garnered in violation of the fourth amendment may be obtained only by those people who have had an interest protected by that amendment violated. E. g., Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 140, 99 S.Ct. 421, 425, 58 L.Ed.2d 387, 399 (1978); Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 174, 89 S.Ct. 961, 967, 22 L.Ed.2d 176, 187 (1969). The rationale of the rule against vicarious assertion of the constitutional right is the personal nature of that right. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. at 140, 99 S.Ct. at 425, 58 L.Ed.2d at 399; Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. at 174, 89 S.Ct. at 966, 22 L.Ed.2d at 187.

Assertions of fifth amendment rights have similarly been held to be personal. Couch v. United States, 409 U.S. 322, 93 S.Ct. 611, 34 L.Ed.2d 548 (1973) involved an Internal Revenue Service summons on the defendant's accountant. The Court quoted Mr. Justice Holmes: "A party is privileged from producing the evidence but not from its production." Id. at 328, 93 S.Ct. at 616, 34 L.Ed.2d at 554 (quoting Johnson v. United States, 228 U.S. 457, 458, 33 S.Ct. 572, 572, 57 L.Ed. 919, 920 (1913)). The Court then went on to say:

The Constitution explicitly prohibits compelling an accused to bear witness "against himself": it necessarily does not proscribe incriminating statements elicited from another. . . . It is extortion of information from the accused himself that offends our sense of justice.

Id. (emphasis added). Other Supreme Court cases have also emphasized the personal nature of fifth amendment rights. See, e. g., United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 233, 95 S.Ct. 2160, 2167, 45 L.Ed.2d 141, 150 (1975) (discovery of defense investigator's written report); Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. 85, 91, 94 S.Ct. 2179, 2184, 40 L.Ed.2d 678, 685 (1974) (subpoena to partner of small law firm to produce partnership's financial records).

Federal courts of appeals considering the question have declined to draw a distinction between fourth and fifth amendment rights, ruling that fifth amendment rights may not be asserted vicariously. United States v. Shaffner, 524 F.2d 1021, 1022 (7th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 424 U.S. 920, 96 S.Ct. 1126, 47 L.Ed.2d 327 (1976); United States v. Skoleck, 474 F.2d 582, 584 (10th Cir. 1973); Byrd v. Comstock, 430 F.2d 937, 938 (9th Cir. 1970); Bryson v. United States, 419 F.2d 695, 699 (D.C.Cir.1969); United States v. Bruton, 416 F.2d 310, 312 (8th Cir. 1969).

Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. 85, 94 S.Ct. 2179, 40 L.Ed.2d 678 (1974) illustrates the very narrow scope of the fifth amendment under facts analogous to these. Bellis had been a member of a small law partnership and following dissolution of the partnership retained possession of the firm's financial records. A subpoena for their production was served on Bellis, who refused, claiming his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The Supreme Court affirmed an order requiring production of the records on the basis that the privilege did not apply. The Court said, quoting in part from an earlier case, that

(t)he constitutional privilege against self-incrimination . . . is designed to prevent the use of legal process to force from the lips of the accused individual the evidence necessary to convict him or to force him to produce and authenticate any personal documents or effects that might incriminate him. . . .

On the other hand, an equally long line of cases has established that an individual cannot rely upon the privilege to avoid producing the records of a collective entity which are in his possession in a representative capacity, even if these records might incriminate him personally.

Bellis v. United States, 417 U.S. at 88, 94 S.Ct. at 2183, 40 L.Ed.2d at 683 (emphasis added). In a prosecution of Graham, Fitzgerald had no privilege as to those portions of this statement which implicated Graham, even though they might also incriminate himself. If Fitzgerald could not raise constitutional impediments to his own interrogation insofar as it incriminated Graham, then Graham could not do so vicariously.

We hold that neither fourth nor fifth amendment rights may be asserted by the defendant here. Because all of the police activities the defendant complains of were directed toward Fitzgerald, they did not infringe an interest which those amendments were designed to protect. The trial court did not err in overruling the defendant's motion to suppress on this ground.

The defendant argues that Iowa R.Crim.P. 11 gives him standing to assert the violation of Fitzgerald's rights. That rule provides, in part: "A person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure may move to suppress for use as evidence anything so obtained . . . ." The defendant argues that he is "aggrieved" within the meaning of the rule. We reject that argument because we believe the rule merely restates the scope of the constitutionally required exclusionary rule. A person is aggrieved within the meaning of Iowa R.Crim.P. 11 if "the disputed search and seizure has infringed an interest of (that person) which the Fourth Amendment was designed to protect." See Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. at 140, 99 S.Ct. at 425, 58 L.Ed.2d at 399. Thus, the rule does not expand the class of people who may have evidence suppressed; it merely prescribes the procedure to be used in implementing the constitutional guarantees.

III. The Corroboration. The appellant attacks the sufficiency of the evidence corroborating the accomplice's testimony on two grounds: (1) the sufficiency of the information which he claims did not show on its face, nor in the minutes attached, that there would be corroborating evidence introduced at trial; and (2) the sufficiency of the evidence of corroborating evidence actually presented at trial.

a. Sufficiency of the information. The defendant moved to dismiss the information upon the basis that the only evidence in the minutes of testimony implicating the defendant in the robbery came from his two accomplices and on the legal principle that the testimony of one accomplice cannot corroborate that of another. See Johnson v. State, 4 Greene 65 (Iowa 1853). Thus, he argues that the trial judge could not have properly made the finding which is a prerequisite to approval of the information "that the evidence contained in the information and the minutes of testimony, if...