State v. Green

• Decision Date: 01 May 1967
• Docket Number: No. A--145,A--145
• Parties: STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Willie GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: New Jersey Supreme Court

Page 244

49 N.J. 244

229 A.2d 634

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Willie GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. A--145.

Supreme Court of New Jersey.

Argued April 10, 1967.

Decided May 1, 1967.

Irwin I. Kimmelman, Newark, for appellant.

Brendan T. Byrne, County Pros. of Essex County, for respondent (Barry Evenchick, Asst. County Pros., of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM.

The defendant was indicted for murder and is awaiting trial. He moved for a pretrial hearing and determination as to the voluntariness and admissibility of a statement allegedly given by him on August 18, 1966 to the Newark Police. The motion was denied by the trial judge who announced that, while he would conduct a hearing on voluntariness and admissibility out of the presence of the jury, he would not do so before trial in view of State v. Cicenia, 6 N.J. 296, 301--302, 78 A.2d 568 (1951), certiorari denied, 350 U.S. 925, 76 S.Ct. 215, 100 L.Ed. 809 (1955). We granted the defendant's application under R.R. 1:2--4(c) for leave to appeal to this Court.

The defendant contends that there is a constitutional right to a hearing on voluntariness in advance of trial but we find nothing in the cases to that effect. The language he quotes from Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 390, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908, 923 (1964), must of course be read in context and furnishes no support for any suggestion that the hearing before the judge on the issue of voluntariness must be in advance of the trial rather than at the commencement or during the course of the trial. In Jackson the Court struck down New York's practice which, in general, permitted the jury to pass on the issue of voluntariness without a preliminary finding of voluntariness by the trial judge; it announced a constitutional rule that 'a jury is not to hear of a confession unless and until the trial judge has determined that it was freely and voluntarily given.' Sims v. Georgia, 385 U.S. 538, 87 S.Ct. 639, 643, 17 L.Ed.2d 593, 598 (1967). The holding in Jackson will easily be satisfied here when the trial judge conducts the hearing at the commencement of or during the trial. If, after the hearing, he finds involuntariness he will of course exclude the confession, but if he finds voluntariness and admissibility he will proceed in accordance with the practice outlined in State v. Smith, 32 N.J. 501, 557--560, 161 A.2d 520, (1960), certiorari denied 364 U.S. 936, 81 S.Ct. 383, 5 L.Ed.2d 367 (1961), and in the many succeeding cases. See State v. Hodgson, 44 N.J. 151, 161--162, 207 A.2d 542 (1965), certiorari denied 384 U.S. 1021, 86 S.Ct. 1929, 16 L.Ed.2d 1022 (1966); State v. Smith, 43 N.J. 67, 75--76, 202 A.2d 669, (1964), certiorari denied 379 U.S. 1005, 85 S.Ct. 945, 13 L.Ed.2d 706, rehearing denied 380 U.S. 938, 85 S.Ct. 945, 13 L.Ed.2d 826 (1965); State v. Tassiello, 39 N.J. 282, 292, 188 A.2d 406 (1963).

Although there is no merit to the defendant's contention that a hearing in advance of trial is constitutionally required, the question still remains as to whether it would not be better practice to follow that course rather than await determination of the issue at trial. Ordinary evidential issues are generally held for determination at trial for reasons recently restated in State v. Hawthorne, 49 N.J. 130, 228 A.2d 682 (1967). Search and seizure issues are determined in...