State v. Guice

• Citation: 262 N.J.Super. 607,621 A.2d 553
• Parties: , 81 Ed. Law Rep. 883 STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff, v. Matthew GUICE and Christopher Sare, Defendants.
• Decision Date: 14 January 1993
• Court: Superior Court of New Jersey

Page 607

262 N.J.Super. 607

621 A.2d 553, 81 Ed. Law Rep. 883

STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff, v. Matthew GUICE and Christopher Sare, Defendants.

Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division,

Hudson County.

Decided Jan. 14, 1993.

[621 A.2d 554] Marc J. Keane, Jersey City, for plaintiff (Keane, Brady & Burns).

Andrew R. Tulloch, New York City, for the defendants and Nicholas J. Miglino (pro hac vice).

OPINION

OLIVIERI, J.S.C.

This case is a trial de novo on the record. Defendants were convicted of criminal trespass. The primary issue involves the competing interests of private property rights and the expressional rights of freedom of speech and assembly.

Defendants were present on the campus of Stevens Institute of Technology on October 22, 1990. They set up a table outside the administration building, intending to distribute political literature and speak to students. They were informed by University police that they were on private property and were asked to leave. Defendants refused, claiming constitutional rights of free speech. They were subsequently arrested for criminal trespass under N.J.S.A. 2C:18-3.

The issues presented here were addressed by the New Jersey Supreme Court in State v. Schmid, 84 N.J. 535, 423 A.2d 615 (1980), appeal dismissed, sub nom. Princeton University v. Schmid, 455 U.S. 100, 102 S.Ct. 867, 70 L.Ed.2d 855 (1981). The Court in Schmid held that under the New Jersey Constitution a private property owner may be required to permit, subject to suitable restrictions, the reasonable exercise by individuals of the freedoms of speech and assembly. Id., 84 N.J. at 563, 423 A.2d 615. The Schmid decision seeks to balance private property and individual expressional rights. The Court established a test ¹ to determine when this constitutional obligation attaches. If there is any public use of the property, then a court will apply the Schmid accommodation test. Bellemeade Dev. Corp. v. Schneider, 196 N.J.Super. 571, 575, 483 A.2d 830 (App.Div.1984), certif. denied, 101 N.J. 210, 501 A.2d 894 (1985).

The Schmid test is a sliding scale ² test that chiefly measures the nature and extent of the public's invitation to use the property in question. At a certain point on the scale the private property is sufficiently devoted to public use to impose constitutional obligations on the private entity, assuming that the proposed use is not significantly discordant with the normal uses. Schmid, supra, 84 N.J. at 549, 563, 423 A.2d 615. If the obligation attaches, a court should then examine the reasonableness of the property owner's regulations limiting access to the property. Id. at 563, 423 A.2d 615. The property owner is entitled to establish reasonable time, place and manner rules but cannot otherwise forbid use of the property for First Amendment activities. Ibid.

The Schmid Court, and subsequent courts relying on Schmid, approach the test as a fact-based inquiry. ³ Defendants' actions in the instant case parallel those in Schmid, but the site in the latter case was Princeton University. The Court found that Princeton clearly encouraged the use of the campus as a forum for free expression and debate, and concluded that Princeton was an open campus. Summing up its evaluation of the extent and nature of Princeton's invitation to the public ⁴, the Court found that "[t]he University itself has endorsed the educational value of an open campus and the full exposure of the college community to the "outside world," i.e. the public-at-large. Princeton University has indeed invited such public uses of its resources in fulfillment of its broader educational ideals and objectives." Id. at 565, 423 A.2d 615.

The Court in Schmid did not hold that all universities by definition are such forums. Even if Schmid is read as implying that a primary goal of educational institutions per se is the fostering of free inquiry and expression, and acknowledging that the defendants' actions in this case are not in conflict with this goal, there remains an analysis of the second element of the Schmid test: the nature and extent of the public's invitation. This was the element emphasized by the Court in its analysis in Schmid and this is where Stevens Institute diverges from Princeton University.

There is no evidence in the record that Stevens encourages a policy of openness and freedom with regard to the use of its facilities. Stevens does not open its campus to the public to the degree that Princeton does. On the contrary, the record below reflects a deliberate policy to maintain the property as private. The gates are shut once a year to protect its private status. The property is enclosed, not geographically integrated with the town as are parts of Princeton University. Stevens does not allow outsiders on campus without sponsorship or other permission (except for local "Sunday strollers"). The public is invited on campus only for certain events (e.g. basketball games); limited commercial activities are permitted under the aegis of the college bookstore.

Private property does not "lose its private character merely because the public is generally invited to use it for designated purposes." Id. at 561, 423 A.2d 615, quoting Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner, 407 U.S. 551, 569, 92 S.Ct. 2219, 2229, 33 L.Ed.2d 131, 143 (1972). ⁵ The balancing test in Schmid does not look at whether the proposed use is contrary to the owner's interests and desires, but whether it is contrary to the property's normal use. Bellemeade Dev. Corp. v. Schneider, 193 N.J.Super. 85, 98, 472 A.2d 170 (Ch.Div.1983). Stevens' actions were consonant with its interests, but also clearly evince a policy aimed at minimizing public use of the property. ⁶

In Commonwealth v. Tate, 495 Pa. 158, 432 A.2d 1382 (1981), the Court held that under the Pennsylvania Constitution a private college could not arbitrarily prohibit persons from distributing political literature on campus, and found that the defendants had an affirmative defense to a charge of criminal trespass. Id., 432 A.2d at 1387. The holding has been perceived as "rest[ing] heavily on the notion that although the university was private, it had created a privately owned forum open to the community at large for expressive activities." Radich v. Goode, 886 F.2d 1391, 1397 (3rd Cir.1989).

As in Schmid, the Court in Tate approached its analysis as a fact-based inquiry. It found that Muhlenberg College holds itself out to the public as a community resource and cultural center. ⁷ In both Schmid and Tate the Court focused on the extent and nature of the public's invitation to use the property ⁸ and found the campuses to be "open.".

This court finds that Stevens Institute issues only limited invitations to the public for specific purposes, and thus cannot be deemed an "open" campus. The facts in this case do not support the granting of constitutional rights to the defendants, unless one is prepared to say that the Schmid test as applied to private educational institutions in New Jersey will always find First Amendment obligations.

Because the Court in Schmid held that Princeton University could not prevail under the 3-prong test, it went on to review the reasonableness of the Princeton regulations. These facts compel a contrary result, and so this court does not reach that analysis.

Defenses to criminal trespass

Defendants argue that even if their actions are not constitutionally protected, they have a statutory defense of mistake or ignorance of the law under N.J.S.A. 2C:2-4.

N.J.S.A. 2C:2-4c(2) ⁹ defines mistake of law as reasonable reliance on an official statement of law. Key to this section of the statute is the qualification of the official statement of law as "afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous".

The defendants rely primarily on Kratz v. Kratz, 477 F.Supp. 463 (E.D.Pa.1979). Defendant Kratz was accused of violating his wife's civil rights by wiretapping the family phone. He claimed a marital exemption, relying on Simpson v. Simpson, 490 F.2d 803 (5th Cir.1974). ¹⁰ The Kratz court disagreed with the Fifth Circuit's holding but allowed that the defendants could have reasonably relied on the decision. Kratz, supra, 477 F.Supp. at 468-76.

Kratz is distinguishable from the instant case in several important particulars: 1) the statement of law relied on was clear; ¹¹ 2) an attorney had researched the issue of law; 3) the court declined to follow the holding in the Simpson case, thus meeting the statutory requirement of a mistaken or later overruled statement of law. In the instant case, the defendants relied upon a judicial opinion which presents a balancing test, not a definitive statement of law. There is no evidence that an independent attorney was consulted. Most importantly, the Schmid decision has not been determined to be invalid or erroneous.

Kratz itself relies on two U.S. Supreme Court cases, Raley v. Ohio, 360 U.S. 423, 79 S.Ct. 1257, 3 L.Ed.2d 1344 (1959) and Cox v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 536, 85 S.Ct. 453, 13 L.Ed.2d 471 (1965). In both cases there were clear statements of law which were later declared erroneous. ¹² "Implicit in these two cases [Raley and Cox ] is a holding that when individuals rely on an official but erroneous representation of law they cannot be expected to know the law is otherwise, and thus can have no notice or fair warning of what the law actually requires or proscribes." Kratz, supra, 477 F.Supp., at 482. It is this due process aspect of the mistake of law defense which counterbalances the strong public policy behind the maxim "ignorance of the law is no excuse." Exceptions are to be carved out only where "its application would be peculiarly unjust or counterproductive." U.S. v. Barker, 546 F.2d 940, 947 (D.C.Cir.1976).

The mistake of law defense is inappropriate here. The statute looks for an official statement of law which is later declared invalid or erroneous. Implicit in this formulation is the need for a clear statement which is relied on by the...