State v. Hales, 217

• Decision Date: 13 December 1961
• Docket Number: No. 217,217
• Parties: , 90 A.L.R.2d 804 STATE, v. Marie HALES.
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

Page 768

122 S.E.2d 768

256 N.C. 27, 90 A.L.R.2d 804

STATE, v. Marie HALES.

No. 217

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Dec. 13, 1961

T. W. Bruton, Atty. Gen., and Harry W. McGalliard, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.

Lucas, Rand & Rose, by Z. Hardy Rose, Wilson, for defendant, appellee.

PARKER, Justice.

The warrant charges a violation of G.S. § 14-72.1. The defendant may challenge the constitutionality of this statute by a demurrer, or by a motion to quash the warrant. State v. Glidden Company, 228 N.C. 664, 46 S.E.2d 860; 16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 96, pp. 343-344.

G.S. § 14-72.1 reads: 'Whoever, without authority, wilfully conceals the goods or merchandise of any store, not theretofore purchased by such person, while still upon the premises of such store, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars ($100.00), or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Such goods or merchandise found concealed upon or about the person and which have not theretofore been purchased by such person shall be prima facie evidence of a willful concealment.'

Article I, Section 17, of the North Carolina Constitution, states: 'No person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the law of the land.'

The phrase, 'the law of the land,' used in the above-quoted part of the State Constitution and 'due process of law' are interchangeable terms. Eason v. Spence, 232 N.C. 579, 61 S.E.2d 717, 721.

The Legislature, unless it is limited by constitutional provisions imposed by the State and Federal Constitutions, has the inherent power to define and punish any act as a crime, because it is indispuredly a part of the police power of the State. The expediency of making any such enactment is a matter of which the Legislature is the proper judge. However, the act of the Legislature declaring what shall constitute a crime must have some substantial relation to the ends sought to be accomplished. State v. Yarboro, 194 N.C. 498, 140 S.E. 216; People v. Belcastro, 356 Ill. 144, 190 N.E. 301, 92 A.L.R. 1223; 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 13; 14 Am.Jur., Criminal Law, Sections 16 and 22; Wharton's Criminal Law and Procedure, 1957, Vol. I, Section 16.

In passing upon the constitutionality of this statute there is a presumption that it is constitutional, and it must be so held by the courts, unless it is in conflict with some constitutional provision. State v. Warren, 252 N.C. 690, 114 S.E.2d 660; State v. Lueders, 214 N.C. 558, 200 S.E. 22.

It is within the power of the Legislature to declare an act criminal irrespective of the intent of the doer of the act. The doing of the act expressly inhibited by the statute constitutes the crime. Whether a criminal intent is a necessary element of a statutory offense is a matter of construction to be determined from the language of the statute in view of its manifest purpose and design. State v. Correll, 232 N.C. 696, 62 S.E.2d 82; State v. Lattimore, 201 N.C. 32, 158 S.E. 741; Hunter v. State of Tennessee, 158 Tenn. 63, 12 S.W.2d 361, 61 A.L.R. 1148; Wharton's ibid, Section 17; 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 30; 14 Am.Jur., Criminal Law, 24.

Such legislation eliminating intent as an essential element of a statutory crime 'is enacted and is sustained, for the most part, on grounds of necessity, and is not violative of federal or other constitutional prohibitions.' 22 C.J.S. Criminal Law § 30, p. 102.

This Court said in the Lattimore case: 'It is true that an act may become criminal only by reason of the intent with which it is done, but the performance of an act which is expressly forbidden by statute may constitute an offense in itself without regard to the question of intent.' [201 N.C. 32, 158 S.E. 742.]

12 Am.Jur., Constitutional Law, Section 629, states: 'The legislature has power to enact provisions, even in criminal actions, that where certain facts have been proved, they shall be prima facie evidence of the main fact in question if the fact proved has some fair relation to, or natural connection with, the main fact. There is no vested right to the rule of evidence that everyone shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty, which prevents the legislature from making the doing of certain acts prima facie proof of guilt or of some element of guilt.' To the same effect: State v. Barrett, 138 N.C. 630, 50 S.E. 506, 1 L.R.A.,N.S., 626; State v. Dowdy, 145 N.C. 432, 58 S.E. 1002; State v. Hammond, 188 N.C. 602, 125 S.E. 402; State v. Fowler and Brincefield, 205 N.C. 608, 172 S.E. 191; Casey v. U. S., 276 U.S. 413, 48 S.Ct. 373, 72 L.Ed. 632; 16 C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 128(d).

Speaking directly to the point in the Fowler and Brincefield case this Court says [205 N.C. 608, 172 S.E. 192]: 'The defendants assail the constitutionality of chapter 434, Public Laws 1933, amending C.S. § 4428, which makes the possession of tickets, certificates, or orders used in the operation of a lottery prima facie evidence of a violation of said section, but the connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed seems to be a rational one; hence the objection must fail.'

The sly, stealthy, crafty nature of the crime of shoplifting and the small individual thefts make detection, prosecution and conviction of the shoplifter for larceny a most difficult and perilous matter. When a merchant accosts a shoplifter, and takes out a warrant against him for larceny, and the shoplifter is acquitted when tried, the merchant risks a lawsuit for large damages for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, false arrest, or similar tort. Faced with such a formidable array of deterrents, many a merchant stands by and watches his property disappear without a fair, legally protected, opportunity to protect it, if his sole remedy is a successful prosecution for larceny, in which offense superadded to the wrongful taking there must be a felonious intent. State v. Griffin, 239 N.C. 41, 79 S.E.2d 230. This is said in Tenn.Law Review, Vol. 24, 1955-1957, page 1177, which volume is in our library: 'Under modern self-service methods and the exciting tempo of present day life, shoplifting seems to be the order of the day. It is estimated that shoplifting on the West Coast is equivalent to 1% of gross sales and a total of approximately $250 million annually in the United States. The great majority of the shoplifters fall within the group of 'casual pilferers.' One estimate is that 70% of the people caught in the act are first-time offenders. These are mostly women and juveniles. ' Bulky pockets, voluminous coats, and false-bottomed cartons' take their toll. Then there are the 'bloomer and trouser artists' who wear billowing bloomers beneath a flowing skirt or stuffed trousers under a topcoat; the 'crotch artists' who straddle the pilfered garment, cram its edges up beneath a girdle and waddle off. Professionals account for most of the large items.'

According to an exhaustive investigation by us in the Supreme Court Library it appears that 44 states have enacted statutes in respect to shoplifting. In 1961 Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, and Wyoming enacted such statutes. According to our investigation the following States apparently have no statutes dealing with the specific offense of shoplifting, Alaska, California, Delaware, Hawaii, New Jersey and Vermont, and also the District of Columbia. These many statutes in respect to shoplifting vary in many ways. The Idaho, Maine, New Hampshire and Virginia statutes are very similar to ours.

It is manifest that our shoplifting statute has a rational, real and substantial relation to the end sought to be accomplished, which is the protection of our merchants from shoplifting, and that such was the manifest purpose and design of the legislation. It is also manifest from the language of our shoplifting statute, in view of its manifest purpose and design, that the Legislature intended that a felonious intent or a criminal intent should not be a necessary element of the statutory crime of shoplifting, and so enacted the statute, for the Legislature must have realized that the remedies heretofore provided by law for the protection of the goods and wares displayed for sale by merchants have not provided them adequate protection from sustaining very substantial losses from shoplifters. The statute states: 'Such goods or merchandise found...