State v. Hasney

• Decision Date: 28 July 1975
• Docket Number: No. 74-250-C,74-250-C
• Citation: 341 A.2d 729,115 R.I. 210
• Parties: STATE v. Lucille HASNEY. A.
• Court: Rhode Island Supreme Court

Page 729

341 A.2d 729

115 R.I. 210

STATE v. Lucille HASNEY.

No. 74-250-C.A.

Supreme Court of Rhode Island.

July 28, 1975.

[115 R.I. 216] Julius C. Michaelson, Atty. Gen., Judith Romney Wegner, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., for plaintiff.

John F. Cicilline, Bevilacqua & Cicilline, Providence, for defendant.

OPINION

PAOLINO, Justice.

This is an appeal from a 3-month sentence for willful contempt arising out of the defendant's refusal to testify, when ordered to do so by a justice of the Superior Court. She based such refusal on the ground that her testimony might tend to incriminate her in violation of her rights under art. V of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States not to be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against herself. The trial justice stayed execution of the sentence pending determination of the defendant's appeal to this court.

The record discloses the following pertinent facts. In 1970, defendant testified as a witness for the state in a criminal matter before a justice of the Superior Court and a jury concerning certain conversations which she had allegedly overheard. The trial resulted in a jury disagreement and a second trial. Prior to the second trial defendant in this proceeding advised counsel for the state that she no longer wished to testify and if called would recant her earlier testimony or invoke her fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination.

On May 22, 1972, defendant was called as a witness in the retrial of the case. She refused to answer any and all questions put to her by counsel for the state, even though ordered to do so by the trial justice. She invoked the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination for her refusal in each instance and in each instance the trial justice ruled she was not entitled to the privilege. Further, she requested that she be granted immunity by the court prior to testifying, but that motion was denied. The defendant was then adjudged in contempt and sentenced to 3 months at the Adult Correctional Institutions.

I

The first question raised by this appeal is whether defendant was entitled to invoke the fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination in the circumstances of this case.

Before discussing the issues raised by defendant in this proceeding, it may be well to discuss briefly the applicable law under cases decided by this court. As we pointed out in Hummell v. Superior Court, 100 R.I. 54, 58-60, 211 A.2d 272, 274-75 (1965), the fifth amendment privilege accords the right to refuse to incriminate oneself, and the privilege extends not only to disclosures that would support a conviction but extends also to such disclosures as would constitute a link in a chain of evidence needed to initiate a prosecution. ¹ In discussing the nature of the obligation of the court to pass upon the validity of a claim of the privilege, we quoted the following language from Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486-87, 71 S.Ct. 814, 818, 95 L.Ed. 1118, 1124 (1951), showing that Court's feeling that a claim of privilege should not impose an obligation upon a witness to make incriminatory disclosures in order to establish the incriminatory nature of a response to the question:

'However, if the witness, upon interposing his claim, were required to prove the hazard in the sense in which a claim is usually required to be established in court, he would be compelled to surrender the very protection which the privilege is designed to guarantee. To sustain the privilege, it need only be evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered might be dangerous because injurious disclosure could result. The trial judge in appraising the claim 'must be governed as much by his personal perception of the peculiarities of the case as by the facts actually in evidence."

In commenting on the quoted language, we pointed out that it makes clear the duty of the court to refrain from placing upon the witness the burden of establishing the incriminatory nature of responses to the question by making disclosures that in themselves would be incriminatory. After noting that the admonition in Hoffman constitutes a limitation as to the extent of the inquiry that the trial court may make on the issue, we said in Hummell v. Superior Court, supra 100 R.I. at 59-60, 211 A.2d at 275:

'In short, the court is required to exercise its fact-finding power as much on the basis of inferences that may be drawn from the circumstances that the question posits as from the direct statements of the witness. If the circumstances to which the question relates in themselves are susceptible of a reasonable inference that would tend to incriminate the witness, it is the duty of the trial judge to give full weight to this inference when determining whether the privilege was properly invoked.'

Thus, while a witness may properly refuse to answer where the answer would disclose the witness' involvement in a criminal transaction, Hummell v. Superior Court, supra, and even though this provision of the fifth amendment must be accorded liberal construction in favor of the right it was intended to secure, Arndstein v. McCarthy, 254 U.S. 71, 72-73, 41 S.Ct. 26, 65 L.Ed. 138, 142 (1920); Counselman v. Hitchcock, 142 U.S. 547, 562, 12 S.Ct. 195, 198, 35 L.Ed. 1110, 1114 (1892), a witness will not be excused from answering questions on the ground that the answers would incriminate the witness where the questions do not show that such a result would be possible, Rosendale v. McNulty, 23 R.I. 465, 50 A. 850 (1902). As this court said many years ago in In re Werner, 46 R.I. 1, 5, 124 A. 195, 196 (1924), a witness cannot avoid answering questions upon his mere assertion that his answers to them will tend to incriminate him, since it is for the court to decide whether his answer will reasonably have such a tendency, or whether it will furnish an element or link in the chain of evidence necessary to convict him. See also ...