State v. Higginbotham
| Decision Date | 01 May 1972 |
| Docket Number | No. 51403,51403 |
| Citation | 261 La. 983,261 So.2d 638 |
| Parties | STATE of Louisiana v. Howard Lee HIGGINBOTHAM. |
| Court | Louisiana Supreme Court |
Charles R. Blaylock, Monroe, for defendant-appellant.
Jack P. F. Gremillion, Atty. Gen., Harry H. Howard, Asst. Atty. Gen., J. Carl Parkerson, Dist. Atty., Gilbert T. Brown, Jr., John R. Harrison, Asst. Dist. Attys., for plaintiff-appellee.
Appellant Howard Lee Higginbotham was charged by bill of information in that, contrary to Article 62 of the Criminal Code, he committed simple burglary of a building in the city of Monroe belonging to New York Hardware Company, a partnership composed of Herschel A. Gentry, Sr. and Herschel A. Gentry, Jr.
Appellant entered a plea of not guilty, he was tried by a jury, convicted and sentenced to 9 years in the State Penitentiary, with credit for time served. Eleven bills of exceptions were reserved and perfected which are relied upon in support of this appeal.
Defense counsel reserved this bill to the trial judge's refusal to sustain his challenge for cause of James A. Altick, a prospective juror. The challenge is based upon the testimony of Altick on voir dire examination. He testified that he was acquainted with Herschel Gentry, one of the partners of New York Hardware Company and a victim of the robbery; and that they were social acquaintances and members of the same Rotary Club. Incidentally, it was also shown that Altick was acquainted with defense counsel, the district attorney and others involved in the trial.
That morning had discussed some aspects of the case with Gentry, Gentry having pointed out to Altick that the case involved a burglary and that he, Gentry, had heard the store's warehouse burglary alarm sound on the day the crime was committed. Gentry also expressed a belief as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant in Altick's presence. However, on two occasions, in response to questions by the prosecuting attorney and the trial judge, Altick declared that neither his friendship for Gentry nor what Gentry had said to him about the case would in any way affect his judgment on the guilt of innocence of appellant.
The ruling denying the challenge for cause is correct. This record sheds no doubt on the competency of the prospective juror to serve. La.Code Crim.Proc. art. 787. It is not per se evidence of partiality that a prospective juror is friendly with the party injured by the offense. The relationship must be such that it is reasonable to conclude that it would influence the juror in arriving at a verdict. We do not think it a reasonable conclusion in this case and the trial judge did not abuse his discretion.
The true test to be applied to an impression formed by a prospective juror, where a belief concerning the guilt of innocence of the accused has been expressed by another in his presence, is set forth in Article 797 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. According to that authority, even where the juror has in fact formed an opinion or impression as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, which is doubtful in this case, it is not sufficient ground for challenge if the juror declares, and the court is satisfied, that he can render an impartial verdict according to the law and the evidence. State v. Lampkin, 253 La. 337, 218 So.2d 289 (1969).
This bill has no merit.
The prospective juror Langston Billings was challenged for cause by defense counsel, because of his close association with Officer Simon, who we infer was involved in appellant's arrest or detention. The claim is that because of their friendship Billings could not be a fair and impartial juror. On voir dire examination Billings testified that he knew Officer Simon 'casually', or 'pretty good'. He conceded that Simon's opinion of him or of his conduct would be 'significant' to him.
This challenge was properly denied. The bill is without merit. Aside from the fact that a casual or 'pretty good' acquaintance does not connote partiality, Billings' answer is inconclusive. The meaning of 'significant' in the context of the questions and answers in the record is so vague and indefinite it would not serve to establish a 'reasonable' conclusion that prejudice or partiality existed. La.Code Crim.Proc. art. 797; State v. Bush, 117 La. 463, 41 So. 793 (1906).
David Arrant, an equipment operator for the Department of Highways, was challenged for cause by the defense because he was an employee of the State of Louisiana. This, it is argued, creates a bias in the juror's mind, though perhaps subconscious, in favor of the State, a party in interest.
Other than the bare facts recited, there is nothing upon which the charge of partiality can be rested. For one thing the activities of the Department of Highways and its employees are no more related to crime control than are the activities of citizens generally.
Partiality cannot be presumed or based upon speculation or conjecture. There must be some special showing of probable prejudice, something more than constrictive partiality, to warrant this Court in overturning the trial judge's ruling. It is essential that the trial judge have a wide latitude in deciding upon a juror's qualifications. The particular facts and circumstances of each are to be carefully considered before an appellate court is warranted in finding that this latitude has been breached. La.Code Crim.Proc. art. 787; State v. Hall, 255 La. 854, 233 So.2d 541 (1970); State v. Reese, 250 La. 151, 194 So.2d 729 (1967), cert. denied 389 U.S. 996, 88 S.Ct. 485, 19 L.Ed.2d 495.
This bill involved another challenge for cause of a prospective juror. Joseph S. Ardoin was challenged upon the ground that his wife was an employee of the State of Louisiana, a party in interest. It was shown that Ardoin's wife had been a nurse at Charity Hospital for four years. This bare fact without more is insufficient to find incompetence based upon prejudice or partiality. This bill has no merit.
Defense counsel challenged prospective juror Richard F. Moore on the grounds that Moore was a constable, and, as a police officer, he could not be fair and impartial in this criminal prosecution. When this challenge was denied, Moore was challenged for cause as an employee of the State. This challenge was also denied.
As we said before, in the absence of a special showing of prejudice or partiality, the mere fact that a party holds a position with the State unconnected with the particular facts involved in the trial forms no basis to sustain a challenge for cause. State v. Reese, 250 La. 151, 194 So.2d 729 (1967), cert. denied 389 U.S. 997, 88 S.Ct. 485, 19 L.Ed.2d 495.
This bill cannot be considered. No evidence is referred to nor way any evidence incorporated in the bill as required by law. There is, therefore, nothing to support the bill except defense counsel's assertion. The rule in this situation is stated in State v. Barnes, 257 La. 1017, 245 So.2d 159 (1971), as follows:
We cannot consider this contention, because it is not properly raised by the bill of exceptions. The bill discloses no such objection, and to testimony is made a part of the bill. We only consider testimony that has been made part of a bill of exceptions.
The Code of Criminal Procedure makes the requirement mandatory in these words:
The appellate court shall consider only formal bills of exceptions . . ..
A formal bill of exceptions shall contain only the evidence necessary to form a basis for the bill, and must show the circumstances and the evidence upon which the ruling was based . . .. (La.Code Crim.Proc. art. 844)
An objection to the introduction in evidence of a statement made by appellant shortly after his arrest, but before the Miranda warnings were given by the police, is the basis for this bill. Police officers testified that at some time after appellant was routed from the loft of the burglarized building, either while he was descending from the loft or as the police were taking him from the burglarized building to the police car, one of the officers made a statement expressing concern that someone else may be in the loft. As the officer prepared to ascend the ladder to investigate, appellant stated that he was in the building alone. The statement turned out to be inculpatory, for it disclosed inferentially that appellant must have been the owner or burglary...
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