State v. Hobbs

• Decision Date: 29 May 1980
• Docket Number: No. 13036,13036
• Citation: 611 P.2d 1047,101 Idaho 262
• Parties: STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Dwayne McKinley HOBBS, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Idaho Supreme Court

Page 1047

611 P.2d 1047

101 Idaho 262

STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Dwayne McKinley HOBBS, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 13036.

Supreme Court of Idaho.

May 29, 1980.

Susan E. Swanberg, Twin Falls, for defendant-appellant.

David H. Leroy, Atty. Gen., Lynn E. Thomas, Steven M. Parry, Deputy Attys. Gen., Boise, for plaintiff-respondent.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant Dwayne McKinley Hobbs appeals from his conviction of delivering, in violation of I.C. § 37-2732(a)(1)(B), a quantity of phencyclidine. Phencyclidine is classified in Schedule III of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, I.C. §§ 37-2701 et seq., as a controlled substance. Appellant contends his conviction must be reversed because the state did not put before the jury any evidence of phencyclidine's classification in the Act as a controlled substance. We disagree.

The question whether a substance is designated in the Act as a controlled substance is a question of law for the court, and not the jury, to decide. I.C. § 9-102; see State v. Harris, 564 S.W.2d 561 (Mo.App. 1978); Skaggs v. State, 260 Ind. 180, 293 N.E.2d 781 (1973); State v. Carter, 475 S.W.2d 85 (Mo. 1972). Pursuant to I.C. § 9-101, the district court could have taken judicial notice of phencyclidine's classification and instructed the jury accordingly. See Skaggs v. State, supra.

It is fundamental that error will not be presumed but must be shown affirmatively by appellant on the record. State v. Wolfe, 99 Idaho 382, 582 P.2d 728 (1978); Mahaffey v. State, 87 Idaho 233, 392 P.2d 423 (1964). Because the instructions given below have not been made a part of the record on appeal, no error is shown.

The judgment of conviction is affirmed.

BISTLINE, Justice, concurring in the result.

The Court's opinion holds that the appellant's conviction should be affirmed on the basis of the appellant's failure to bring up a record containing the trial court's given instructions, thereby indulging in sheer speculation that the district court may have taken judicial notice of the legislative classification of phencyclidine, and so instructed the jury. Such was one of the State's arguments. The State's brief, however, carefully avoids representing that this did take place, but nevertheless requests the Court to apply the presumption of regularity to proceedings not in the record, and affirm. I disagree with this rationale for two reasons, the first of which has to do with the application of the Idaho Appellate Rules, and the second of which has to do with the inconsistency of the Court's decisions relative to the presumption of regularity and the penalty for failing to bring up an adequate record. With regard to the latter it is not possible for the Court to take the stance taken today without overruling the contrary holding of State v. Lopez, 98 Idaho 581, 570 P.2d 259 (1977).

In Lopez the Court reversed the conviction on the basis that the appellate record did not include a reporter's transcript of the evidence showing what acts Lopez performed which were said to be in violation of the statutes criminalizing prostitution. The Court distinguished Lopez from State v. Carringer, 95 Idaho 929, 523 P.2d 532 (1974):

"As stated by the Court in Carringer :

" '* * * the words of the questioned statute should not be evaluated in the abstract, but should be considered with reference to the particular conduct of the defendant.' (Emphasis supplied.)

"In Carringer, unlike the case at bar, the ugly facts of the specific conduct of the defendant were before the Court and it was on that basis that the Court in Carringer stated:

" 'It is beyond doubt that the defendant's acts fall squarely within the very core of I.C. § 18-6605 as uniformly construed for 58 years.'

"As previously indicated, we have no knowledge of the acts allegedly performed by Lopez." (Emphasis added.) 98 Idaho at 588, 589, 570 P.2d at 266-267.

There was in Lopez no failure upon the part of the State to bring attention to the appellant's failure in that case to bring up a complete record; a dissent in that case observed that the Court there was in violation of sound and well established rules of appellate review in refusing to indulge in the presumption of regularity which previous cases had held must attend to an incomplete record on appeal. Lopez, 98 Idaho at 595, 570 P.2d 259. Lack of consistency does little to enhance the respectability of appellate court decisions.

The Court today predicates its indulgence in the presumption of regularity on the basis that the given instructions might have included one telling the jury that the substance in question was classified, which the Court cannot know because the record does not contain the instructions. Assuming that there were in this case fifty to seventy-five instructions given by the trial court, the appellant, in order to establish that no instruction was given whereby the court judicially noticed the classification of phencyclidine, would be required to bring up that many pages of instructions, none of which in the opinion of appellant's counsel were germane to the issues being presented on the appeal in other words, the proof of a negative, at the expense of encumbering the record with valueless material. Such cannot be found to be within the bounds of good judicial administration or appellate practice.

If in fact there was such a given instruction, it was indeed a simple matter for the respondent State to have brought into the appellate record that one single...