State v. James

• Decision Date: 09 February 1996
• Docket Number: No. 63A95,63A95
• Citation: 342 N.C. 589,466 S.E.2d 710
• Parties: STATE of North Carolina v. Terry Dion JAMES.
• Court: North Carolina Supreme Court

Page 710

466 S.E.2d 710

342 N.C. 589

STATE of North Carolina v.Terry Dion JAMES.

No. 63A95.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

Feb. 9, 1996.

Nora Henry Hargrove, Wilmington, for defendant-appellant.

FRYE, Justice.

Defendant, Terry Dion James, was indicted for first-degree murder, two counts of discharging a firearm into occupied property, and two counts of conspiracy to discharge a firearm into occupied property.Defendant was convicted on all counts, except one count of conspiracy to discharge a firearm into occupied property.Defendant's first-degree murder conviction was based on a theory of felony murder, with discharging a firearm into occupied property being the underlying felony.

Following a capital sentencing proceeding pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-2000, the jury recommended and the trial judge imposed a sentence of life imprisonment for the first- degree murder conviction.The judge also imposed prison sentences of ten years for one count of discharging a firearm into occupied property and three years for conspiracy to discharge a firearm into occupied property, the sentences to run consecutively.Judgment was arrested on one count of discharging a firearm into occupied property.

The State's evidence at trial tended to show the following facts and circumstances:

During the late night hours of Saturday, 6 March 1993, and the early morning hours of 7 March 1993, Valentine Farland was at the American Legion Post in Pender County.He had a Chinese-made SKS semiautomatic rifle with a thirty-round banana clip in his possession.Upon leaving the American Legion Post, Farland put the rifle in the trunk of a blue, four-door Hyundai automobile owned by Jerrod Watkins.Farland then left the American Legion Post and went to the Bordeaux Club (the club).Defendant, along with Jerrod Watkins, Zollie Watkins, Tyrone Batts, and Williford Farrier, traveled in Jerrod's automobile to the club.

Defendant and the four other men were sitting outside the club in Jerrod's automobile when Cleveland James walked out of the club.Defendant told Cleveland not to go back in the club because "we're going to shoot the place up."Cleveland disregarded defendant's warning and went back into the club to tell others to leave.The people inside the club immediately began to run outside.

At this point, defendant instructed the driver of the automobile to "[g]o down, then come back, and I'll be shooting the place [from the automobile]."The driver followed these directions.Because of the people in the street, the automobile slowed down as it passed the club.Defendant rolled down the window and began firing the SKS rifle in the direction of the club.He continued shooting as the automobile proceeded down the street that ran along the front of the club and adjoining parking lot.

Hartense James had exited the club upon Cleveland's warning.Hartense was in the driver's seat of his Ford Mustang automobile attempting to start his engine when he was struck by a bullet.The bullet penetrated the door of his automobile and struck him in the side, causing severe damage to his right kidney, abdominal aorta, and liver.Several individuals transported Hartense to the hospital, where he died as a result of the gunshot wound.The State Bureau of Investigation ballistics experts confirmed that the bullet that struck and killed Hartense was fired from the SKS semiautomatic rifle that defendant was shooting.

In addition to striking Hartense's automobile, several bullets struck Yolanda Webb's Pontiac Grand Am automobile, which was parked next to Hartense's automobile.The front windshield of Webb's vehicle was broken on the passenger side.There was a hole above the license plate, damage to the rear window, a broken left tail light, and a dent along the back passenger side quarter panel.Two bullets were taken from inside the vehicle.SBI experts could not ascertain with certainty whether either bullet had been fired from the rifle that defendant was shooting.

After the shooting, Jerrod drove defendant to the home of defendant's sister.Defendant took the rifle with him.The police arrested him there the next morning.An officer found the rifle outside of the house.There were only three rounds left in the thirty-round banana clip.

At trial, defendant presented no evidence and did not testify.His motion to dismiss all the charges against him, made at the close of the State's evidence, was denied.

Defendant makes five arguments on appeal to this Court.As his first argument, defendant contends that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter.

In State v. Yelverton, 334 N.C. 532, 434 S.E.2d 183(1993), we said:

Involuntary manslaughter and second-degree murder are lesser-included offenses supported by an indictment charging murder in the first degree.E.g., State v. Thomas, 325 N.C. 583, 591, 386 S.E.2d 555, 559(1989).A defendant is entitled to a charge on a lesser-included offense when there is some evidence in the record supporting the lesser offense.Id. at 593, 386 [S.E.2d] at 561.Conversely, "[w]here the State's evidence is positive as to each element of the offense charged and there is no contradictory evidence relating to any element, no instruction on a lesser included offense is required."Id. at 594, 386 S.E.2d at 561;State v. Peacock, 313 N.C. 554, 558, 330 S.E.2d 190, 193(1985)."[W]hen the law and evidence justify the use of the felony-murder rule, then the State is not required to prove premeditation and deliberation, and neither is the Court required to submit to the jury second-degree murder or manslaughter unless there is evidence to support it."State v. Strickland, 307 N.C. 274, 292, 298 S.E.2d 645, 657(1983)(quotingState v. Wall, 304 N.C. 609, 613, 286 S.E.2d 68, 71(1982)).

Yelverton, 334 N.C. at 544-45, 434 S.E.2d at 190.Thus, the question in this case is whether there was evidence adduced at trial to support a conviction of involuntary manslaughter.We hold there was not.

Involuntary manslaughter is "the unintentional killing of a human being without malice, proximately caused by (1) an unlawful act not amounting to a felony nor naturally dangerous to human life, or (2) a culpably negligent act or omission."State v. Redfern, 291 N.C. 319, 321, 230 S.E.2d 152, 153(1976), quoted inState v. Rose, 335 N.C. 301, 327, 439 S.E.2d 518, 532, cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 2770, 129 L.Ed.2d 883(1994).Culpable negligence is defined as an act or omission evidencing a disregard for human rights and safety.State v. Wilkerson, 295 N.C. 559, 579, 247 S.E.2d 905, 918(1978).Defendant argues that the evidence shows that he did not know that the automobiles were occupied at the time he shot into the parking lot and that he did not intend to shoot into the automobiles but into the club.He further argues that the jury could infer from this evidence that the victim's death was caused by defendant's culpably negligent actions.

However, the evidence is clear that defendant acted with malice and therefore could not have been found guilty of manslaughter, which requires the absence of malice.Defendant fired a semiautomatic weapon into the club and its adjoining parking lot.Unrefuted testimony at trial showed that he planned to fire a rifle into the club and even warned another person not to reenter the club because he intended to "shoot [it] up."Defendant then momentarily left the area in front of the club.When defendant returned to do the shooting, there were people exiting the club.The driver of the automobile had to slow down to keep from hitting these people.From the foregoing evidence, no rational fact finder could find defendant was not aware that the bullets would likely enter automobiles parked in the parking lot and that people might be in some of the automobiles.The uncontradicted evidence establishes that defendant fired the weapon into the club, an area he knew was occupied.We therefore conclude that, because all the evidence clearly shows malice, there was no evidence to support an instruction for involuntary manslaughter.Accordingly, we reject defendant's first argument.

In his second argument, defendant contends the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the jury that, in order for defendant to be found guilty of discharging a firearm into occupied property, it must find that defendant knew the automobile was occupied or had reasonable grounds to believe the automobile was occupied.The court, instead, used the pattern jury instructions which informed the jury that it could find defendant guilty "if the members of the jury found that defendant knew that the automobile was occupied or had reasonable grounds to believe that the automobile might be occupied."(Emphasis added.)

We note first that the applicable statute does not contain an express knowledge requirement with reference to the building or vehicle being occupied.Instead, the statute provides that any person who "willfully or wantonly discharges or attempts to discharge ... [a] firearm into any building, structure, vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, or other conveyance, device, equipment, erection, or enclosure while it is occupied is guilty of a ... felony."N.C.G.S. § 14-34.1(1993)(emphasis added).Nevertheless, in State v. Williams, 284 N.C. 67, 199 S.E.2d 409(1973), this Court interpreted the statute so as to add a knowledge requirement, as follows:

We hold that a person is guilty of the felony created by G.S. 14-34.1 if he intentionally, without legal justification or excuse, discharges a firearm into an occupied building with knowledge that the building is then occupied by one or more persons or when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the building might be occupied by one or more persons.

Id. at 73, 199 S.E.2d at 412.This interpretation of the statute has been followed in a series of cases decided by this Court and our Court of Appeals.See,...