State v. Jones
| Decision Date | 28 June 2016 |
| Docket Number | Docket No. 42664 |
| Citation | 160 Idaho 449,375 P.3d 279 |
| Court | Idaho Supreme Court |
| Parties | STATE of Idaho, Plaintiff–Respondent, v. Kentsler Lee JONES, Defendant–Appellant. |
Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Maya P. Waldron argued.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Idaho Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. John C. McKinney argued.
Kentsler Lee Jones appeals the Ada County District Court's judgment of conviction for driving while under the influence of alcohol (DUI), excessive alcohol concentration, felony, Idaho Code section 18–8004C. On appeal, Jones argues that the district court erred when it excluded evidence regarding the measurement of uncertainty in Jones's alcohol concentration test result. Specifically, Jones argues that this Court's holding in Elias–Cruz v. Idaho Dep't of Transp. , 153 Idaho 200, 280 P.3d 703 (2012), was manifestly wrong and should be overturned. We disagree.
In October 2013, the police stopped Jones after he drove the wrong way on a one-way road. Believing Jones to be intoxicated, and after Jones refused to cooperate, the police arrested Jones and later transported him to St. Alphonsus where a blood draw was performed. The test result from the blood draw returned a result of 0.207 with a measurement of uncertainty of (+/- 0.0103). The State charged Jones with misdemeanor resisting and obstructing officers and felony DUI under Idaho Code section 18–8004C(2).
The State filed a motion in limine requesting the district court to enter an order prohibiting any evidence regarding the measurement of uncertainty. Jones filed an objection, and the district court entered an order granting the State's motion. Jones then filed a motion to reconsider. The court denied the motion and reaffirmed its ruling, stating that under Elias–Cruz "evidence regarding the measurement of uncertainty for the instrument used to measure the defendant's blood alcohol level is inadmissible because it's irrelevant."
Jones entered a conditional guilty plea to felony DUI under section 18–8004C(2), preserving his right to challenge the district court's ruling on the State's motion in limine. The resisting and obstructing charge was dismissed. The court sentenced Jones to a unified sentence of five years with two years fixed, all suspended, and placed Jones on probation for five years. Jones timely appeals.
When reviewing the trial court's evidentiary rulings, this Court applies an abuse of discretion standard. Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Reg'l Med. Ctr. , 137 Idaho 160, 163–64, 45 P.3d 816, 819–20 (2002). "To determine whether a trial court has abused its discretion, this Court considers whether it correctly perceived the issue as discretionary, whether it acted within the boundaries of its discretion and consistently with applicable legal standards, and whether it reached its decision by an exercise of reason." Perry v. Magic Valley Reg'l Med. Ctr. , 134 Idaho 46, 51, 995 P.2d 816, 821 (2000).
Constitutional questions are reviewed de novo. State v. Dunlap , 155 Idaho 345, 377, 313 P.3d 1, 33 (2013).
Jones argues that the district court erred by excluding the measurement of uncertainty associated with his blood alcohol concentration test result and that Elias–Cruz v. Idaho Dep't of Transp. , 153 Idaho 200, 280 P.3d 703 (2012), should be overturned. Jones also argues that his constitutional right to present a complete defense was violated.
Jones entered a conditional plea of guilty to driving under the influence under Idaho Code section 18–8004C(2). Under section 18–8004C(2) a driver who violates "the provisions of section 18–8004, Idaho Code" and "has an alcohol concentration of 0.20, as defined in section 18–8004(4), Idaho Code, or more as shown by an analysis of blood, breath or urine by a test," and has previously been convicted for driving under the influence with an alcohol concentration of 0.20 or more is guilty of a felony. I.C. § 18–8004C(2). In Elias–Cruz , we held that the standard for determining alcohol concentration, as defined under 18–8004(4), 153 Idaho at 205, 280 P.3d at 708.
At the outset, Jones argues that this Court's holding in Elias–Cruz should be overturned. Specifically, Jones contends that "the DUI statutes criminalize driving with an actual alcohol concentration above the legal limit, not merely driving with a test result above the legal limit," and that "[t]his Court should overturn Elias–Cruz ...." In support of this contention, Jones advances several arguments.1 We do not find any of these arguments compelling. We decline to overturn our holding in Elias–Cruz . See State v. Owens , 158 Idaho 1, 4–5, 343 P.3d 30, 33–34 (2015) ().
According to the test result, Jones had an alcohol concentration of 0.207. The measurement of uncertainty for the test was (+/- 0.0103). Jones argues that to be guilty of a felony under section 18–8004C(2) a defendant's actual alcohol concentration, not just the test result, must be 0.20 or higher. Jones argues that the test result did not accurately measure his "actual blood alcohol content" because, when considering the measurement of uncertainty, his actual alcohol concentration "was just as likely .196 as it was .207." Thus, Jones argues that the measurement of uncertainty is relevant because it bears directly on whether his actual alcohol concentration level was above the required 0.20 limit.
In Elias–Cruz , we considered whether a violation under section 18–8004 required a showing of actual blood alcohol concentration or simply a test result above the legal limit. 153 Idaho at 202–06, 280 P.3d at 705–09. Under section 18–8004, a violation is proved if the person "has an alcohol concentration of 0.08, as defined in subsection (4) of this section, or more, as shown by analysis of his blood, urine, or breath." I.C. § 1–8004. In that case, the defendant argued that the testing machine's margin of error was relevant because it showed that her actual blood alcohol content could have been lower than the test result indicated. Elias–Cruz , 153 Idaho at 204, 280 P.3d at 707. The defendant stated, "In this case with regard to a blow of .02, her actual blood alcohol content could be as low as .015 ... the Decision should be based on an actual blood alcohol content rather than a printout from a machine that is subject to error...." Id. In response to this argument, we held that under the current language of 18–8004(4) the testing machine's margin of error was irrelevant because "the standard is no longer the concentration of alcohol in the driver's blood," id. at 205, 280 P.3d at 708, and that "a violation can be shown simply by the results of a test for alcohol concentration that complies with the statutory requirements." Id. at 204, 280 P.3d at 707.
Here, Jones argues that the measurement of uncertainty is relevant to proving his actual alcohol concentration. However, as we explained in Elias–Cruz , the actual alcohol concentration is irrelevant. Elias–Cruz , 153 Idaho at 204–05, 280 P.3d at 707–08. Rather, it is the alcohol concentration as shown by the test result that is determinative of a violation. Id. Thus, the measurement of uncertainty as it relates to the actual alcohol concentration, rather than the reliability of the testing equipment or procedures, is irrelevant. Id. at 204, 280 P.3d at 707 ( ).
Therefore, because the district court correctly applied our holding in Elias–Cruz , we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting the State's motion to prohibit any evidence regarding the measurement of uncertainty as associated with Jones's actual blood alcohol concentration.2
The right to present a complete defense is rooted in the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and includes "a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense." Crane v. Kentucky , 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146, 90 L.Ed.2d 636, 645 (1986). However, "[a] defendant has no right to present irrelevant evidence and even if evidence is relevant, it may be excluded in certain cases." State v. Meister , 148 Idaho 236, 241, 220 P.3d 1055, 1060 (2009) ; see also, e.g. , Delaware v. Van Arsdall , 475 U.S. 673, 679, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 1435, 89 L.Ed.2d 674, 683 (...
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