State v. Kerr

• Decision Date: 19 February 1894
• Citation: 58 N.W. 27,3 N.D. 523
• Parties: STATE v. THEODORE F. KERR
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

58 N.W. 27

3 N.D. 523

STATE v. THEODORE F. KERR

Supreme Court of North Dakota

February 19, 1894

Error to District Court, Griggs County; Rose, J.

Theodore F. Kerr was convicted of selling intoxicating liquors unlawfully, and brings error.

Affirmed.

Taylor Crum for plaintiff in error.

The prosecution is not carried on in the name and by the authority of the State of North Dakota.Section 97,Art 4 Const.Saine v. State,14 Tex.App. 144;Hay v Peo.,59 Ill. 95;Cox v. State,34 Am. Rep 746;State v. Hazeldahl, 2 N.D. 521.

The indictment charges both the sale and giving away in one count and therefore charges more than one offense, and is not direct and certain as regards the particular circumstances of the offense charged.State v. Pischel,20 N.W. 848;Smith v. State,48 N.W. 823;State v. Henn,40 N.W. 564;Peo. v. Dumar,13 N.E. 327;State v. Vorey,43 N.W. 324;State v. Smith, 2 N.D. 515.

W. H Standish, Atty Gen'l for defendant in error.

The indictment may charge the commission of the several acts conjunctively and as constituting altogether one offense.State v. Bielby,21 Wis. 206;Davis v. State,100 Ind. 154;Fahnestock v. State,102 Ind. 156;Clifford v. State,29 Wis. 327;Brown v. Com.8 Mass. 59;Peo. v. Casey,72 N.Y. 393;Com. v. Dolan,121 Mass. 374;Barnes v. State,20 Conn. 232;State v. Schweitzer, 27 Kan. 499.

BARTHOLOMEW, C. J. CORLISS, J., concurs, WALLIN, J., (concurringspecially.)

OPINION

BARTHOLOMEW, C. J.

This was a prosecution by indictment for a violation of the statute prohibiting the sale of intoxicants.The indictment was in the following words: "State of North Dakota, County of Griggs--ss.: District Court, Fifth Judicial District.The State of North Dakotav. Theodore F. Kerr.Indictment.The grand Jury of the State of North Dakota in and for the County of Griggs upon their oaths present that heretofore, to-wit: on the first day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three, at the County of Griggs, in said State of North Dakota, one Theodore F. Kerr, late of said County of Griggs and state aforesaid, did commit the crime of unlawfully selling and giving away intoxicating liquors as a beverage, committed at follows, to-wit: That at said time and place the said Theodore F. Kerr did sell and give to one Julius Stevens, as a beverage, certain intoxicating liquors, to-wit, one-half pint of whisky."This was duly signed by the foreman of the grand jury and the state's attorney, and presented in open courtMay 11, 1893.The defendant filed the following demurrer to the indictment, ommitting title: "Now comes the defendant, and demurs to the indictment filed herein on the 11th day of May, 1893, for the reason that the same does not state facts necessary to constitute a public offense; and for the further reason that the same is not in concise and ordinary language, sufficient to apprise the defendant of the exact nature of the charge against him; and for the further reason that the prosecution does not, on its face, purport to be carried on in the name, and by the authority, of the State of North Dakota."The demurrer was overruled, and exception saved.A subsequent motion to quash raised the point that defendant was not apprised by the indictment whether he was charged with selling or giving away intoxicants, and that he was charged with both.This motion was also overruled, and exception saved.The trial resulted in a verdict of guilty, and defendant sued out a writ of error from this court.

It is first urged by plaintiff in error that it does not appear from the indictment that the prosecution is carried on "in the name and by the authority, of the State of North Dakota," as required by § 97 of the stateconstitution.We had occasion to discuss the provision in State v. Hazledahl, 2 N.D. 521, 52 N.W. 315, and we call attention to the authorities there cited.In that casewe said: "The information is not entitled in an action in which the state appears as a party, nor in any action; nor does the information aver in terms or indirectly, that the defendant is prosecuted either in the name, or by authority of the state;" and this was held to be "a plain violation of the explicit mandate of the stateconstitution."But an inspection of the indictment in this case discloses that it supplies the specific defects which led us to hold the information bad in the Hazledahl case.By § 7241, Comp. Laws, the title to the action, "specifying the names of the parties," is made a part of the indictment.Hence it appears from the indictment that the prosecution is in the name of the state, and by the state, which means by the authority of the state.Further, the indictment is presented by "the grand jury of the State of North Dakota in and for the County of Griggs."It thus appears, indirectly but certainly, that the prosecution was carried on in the name, and by authority, of the state.That is all that the constitutional provisions requires.It is not necessary that such facts should be specifically recited.SeeState v. Thompson, 4 S.D. 95, 55 N.W. 725, where, under the same constitutional provision, an indictment identical with the one in this case on the point in question was sustained.

The second assignment of error presents the point, both under the demurrer and motion to quash, that the indictment charged in the same count both selling and giving away, and was therefore not direct and certain as regards the particulars of the offense charged, and was bad for duplicity.Section 7244, Comp. Laws, declares that the indictment must charge but one offense.Does this indictment charge more?We think not.Section 1, Ch. 110,Laws 1890, reads as follows: "Any person, association or corporation, who shall, within this state, directly or indirectly, manufacture any spirituous, malt, vinous, fermented or other intoxicating liquor, or shall import any of the same for sale, or gift as a beverage, or shall keep for sale, or sell, or offer for sale or gift, barter or trade, any of such intoxicating liquors, as a beverage, shall for the first offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than two hundred (200) dollars nor more than $ 1,000, and be imprisoned in the county jail not less than ninety days nor more than one year; and for the second and every successive offense, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and be punished by imprisonment in the state's prison for a period not exceeding two years and not less than one year; provided, that registered pharmacists under the laws of this state may sell intoxicating liquors for medicinal, mechanical, scientific, and wine for sacramental purposes as hereinafter provided."Under this statute the offense may be committed in several different methods, but these methods are stated in the disjunctive.The indictment charges that the defendant"sold and gave."It is said in Bishop on Criminal Procedure, (volume 1, § 436:)"It is common for a statute to declare that if a person does this, or this, or this he shall be punished in a way pointed out.Now, if, in a single transaction, he does all these things, he violates the statute but once, and incurs only one penalty.Yet he violates it equally by doing one of the things.Therefore, an indictment upon a statute of this kind may allege, in a single complaint, that the defendant did as many of the forbidden things as the pleader chooses, employing the conjunction 'and' where the statute has 'or' and it will not be double, and will be established at the trial by proof of any one of them."In State v. Bielby, 21 Wis. 204, the complaint charged that the defendant did vend, sell, deal and traffic in, and give away spirituous and intoxicating liquors, etc.The court said: "It is objected that the complaint is bad for duplicity because the several acts named in the statute, if charged separately, would each constitute a distinct offense.This may be so, but still the complaint is not double.An indictment in such case may pursue language of the statute charging the commission of the several acts conjunctively, and as constituting altogether one offense, in which case there can be but one conviction and one punishment, as for one offense."In Com. v. Dolan, 121 Mass. 374, the court said: "Whether the defendant exposes or keeps for sale, or both keeps and exposes it, is but one offense, and a complaint charging both is good, and is supported by proof of either."See, also, Clifford v. State, 29 Wis. 327;State v. Schweiter, 27 Kan. 499;People v. Casey, 72 N.Y. 393;Com. v. Atkins, 136 Mass. 160;Davis v. State, 100 Ind. 154, andFahnestock v. State, 102 Ind. 156, 1 N.E. 372.If this sound and salutary principle was less firmly established by the decisions, we should be required to apply it in this case, because § 17 of the prohibition act declares that the giving away of intoxicating liquors shall be deemed an unlawful selling, within the provisions of the act.The indictment charges nothing more than a selling under the statute, and would be sustained by proof of either a technical sale or a gift.

Plaintiff in error further urges that it was error to allow the state to prove separate and distinct acts, when only one act was charged, and upon defendant's request the state should have been required to elect upon which act it relied.The learned counsel relies upon Boldt v State, 72 Wis. 7, 38 N.W. 177, but in that case the evidence covered sales at different dates, to different parties, of different intoxicants, and the court charged: "If you are satisfied by the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant did, * * * on the 10th day of May, or the 11th day of June, 1886, or at any day between these two days, sell to...