State v. Lee
| Citation | 286 A.2d 52,60 N.J. 53 |
| Parties | STATE of New Jersey, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. James LEE, Defendant-Appellant. |
| Decision Date | 17 January 1972 |
| Court | United States State Supreme Court (New Jersey) |
Edward P. Hannigan, Asst. Deputy Public Defender, for appellant (Stanley C. Van Ness, Public Defender, attorney).
Edwin H. Stern, Chief Asst. Prosecutor, for respondent (Geoffrey Gaulkin, Hudson County Prosecutor, attorney).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
The defendant pleaded guilty to impairing the morals of a minor (N.J.S.A. 2A:96--3) which is a misdemeanor carrying a maximum prison term of three years (N.J.S.A. 2A:85--7). After examination at the Diagnostic Center he was found to come within the Sex Offender Act (N.J.S.A. 2A:164--3 et seq.) and was committed for an indeterminate term not exceeding the three-year statutory maximum. N.J.S.A. 2A:164--6. However, in calculating the three-year period, the defendant was given no credit for the period prior to his commitment during which he was confined mostly in the Hudson County Jail and also in the Diagnostic Center. In a post-conviction application the defendant sought to have such prior period of confinement credited towards his maximum term but his application was denied in the County Court. This was affirmed by the Appellate Division in a Per curiam reported at 114 N.J.Super. 216, 275 A.2d 756 (1971). We granted certification on the defendant's petition. 59 N.J. 264, 281 A.2d 526 (1971).
Early in 1949 Governor Driscoll call a conference to consider the social and legal problems relating to repetitive sex offenders within the State. Elsewhere a model sex psychopath law had already been proposed. See Note, 'The Legal Disposition of the Sexual Psychopath,' 96 U.Pa.L.Rev. 872, 884--87 (1948). It provided for indeterminate civil commitments but its provisions were generally considered too drastic in the light of the limited and uncertain state of the psychiatric and medical knowledge in the field. The need for further and continuing study was accepted but interim legislation was thought desirable and was enacted in April 1949. See L.1949, c. 20. That legislation directed that whenever a defendant is convicted of a designated sex offense, the Judge shall order a mental examination and if the defendant is found to be suffering from an 'abnormal mental illness' the Judge shall order his commitment to an appropriate institution for a term 'the maximum of which shall in no event exceed that provided by law for the crime of which such person was convicted.' L.1949, c. 20, p. 66. It is noteworthy that from inception the Legislature considered the primary safeguards of, (1) a criminal conviction and (2) a statutory maximum term, as sufficient to overcome any expressed doubts as to constitutionality and as to the adequacy of the professional knowledge and treatment in the field. See Vuocolo, The Repetitive Sex Offender 36 (1969).
On the date of the passage of L.1949, c. 20, a Joint Resolution was approved creating a Commission to determine whether a new statute should be enacted to enable more adequate treatment of the habitual sex offender or sex deviate. The Commission engaged a technical consultant and on February 1, 1950 submitted its report and recommendations. The report pointed out that as compared with other types of 'psychological and constitutional abnormality,' society was 'peculiarly at a loss in the handling of abnormal sex offenders.' Report and Recommendations of the Commission on the Habitual Sex Offender 15 (1950). It recommended that efforts be concentrated on sex offenders who are 'a real menace to the community' rather than on minor sex offenders (p. 7), and that 'indeterminate commitment without a terminal maximum' should be avoided (p. 34). In lieu of the 1949 statute the Commission suggested that a wholly new enactment be adopted providing for the treatment of persons convicted of designated sex offenses where their conduct was characterized by a pattern of 'repetitive-compulsive behavior' accompanied by violence or age disparity (p. 9). On June 8, 1950 Governor Driscoll approved L.1950, c. 207 (N.J.S.A. 2A:164--3 et seq.) which, for the most part, embodied the Commission's recommendations. As in the 1949 legislation, the primary safeguards of a conviction and a fixed maximum term were spelled out in the statute. N.J.S.A. 2A:164--3; N.J.S.A. 2A:164--6.
The 1950 statute eliminated from its scope certain offenses which the Commission considered minor and retained only the offenses and attempted offenses of 'rape, carnal abuse, sodomy or impairing the morals of a minor' accompanied by violence or age disparity. L.1950, c. 207, p. 454. However in 1951 the list of covered offenses was extended to include 'open lewdness and indecent exposure' (L.1951), c. 44), in 1954 it was extended to include 'assault with intent to commit rape, carnal abuse or sodomy' (L.1954, c. 151), in 1956 it was extended to apply to 'open lewdness or indecent exposure' whether or not accompanied by violence or age disparity (L.1956, c. 37), in 1958 the age disparity provision in the statute was altered (L.1958, c. 161), and in 1967 the list of covered offenses was extended to include 'incest,' and also 'private lewdness' whether or not accompanied by violence or age disparity. L.1967, c. 274; see N.J.S.A. 2A:164--3; N.J.S.A. 2A:115--1; State v. Raymond, 74 N.J.Super. 434, 181 A.2d 515 (App.Div.1962), appeal dismissed, 39 N.J. 241, 188 A.2d 305 (1963); Cf. State v. Beckett, 56 N.J. 267, 266 A.2d 273 (1970); Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557, 89 S.Ct. 1243, 22 L.Ed.2d 542 (1969). These extensions rendered even more significant the safeguard of a fixed maximum statutory term, for without it a man might well be confined for life following a conviction for a relatively minor sex offense unaccompanied by violence or age disparity. See L.1956, c. 37; L.1958, c. 161; L.1967, c. 274; N.J.S.A. 2A:164--3; N.J.S.A. 2A:164--5. It need hardly be noted that throughout the course of the cited amendments the Legislature always retained the statutory provision that where the court commits the defendant to an institution under the Sex Offender Act the defendant shall 'in no event' be 'confined or subject to parole supervision for a period of time greater than that provided by law for the crime' of which the defendant was convicted. N.J.S.A. 2A:164--6.
Although the Act has on several occasions been passed upon in this Court, our opinions have not heretofore dealt with the particular issue now presented to us. See State v. Newton, 17 N.J. 271, 111 A.2d 272 (1955); State v. Wingler, 25 N.J. 161, 135 A.2d 468 (1957); State v. Horne, 56 N.J. 372, 267 A.2d 1 (1970). Nor have any Appellate Division decisions prior to the one now under review passed on it. Our present rules contain an explicit direction that the defendant shall receive credit on the term of a 'custodial sentence' for any time he had served 'in custody in jail or in a state hospital' between his arrest and the imposition of sentence. R. 3:21--8; Cf. 18 U.S.C.A. § 3568 (1968); Cephus v. United States, 128 U.S.App.D.C. 366, 389 F.2d 317 (1967); Sawyer v. Clark, 128 U.S.App.D.C. 206, 386 F.2d 633 (1966); see also Culp v. Bounds, 325 F.Supp. 416 (W.D.N.C.1971). Earlier rules contained language largely to the same effect. See R.R. 3:7--10(g); State v. Benes, 16 N.J. 389, 396, 108 A.2d 846 (1954). In holding that the defendant Lee was not entitled to credit for the time he spent in...
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