State v. Lewis

• Decision Date: 08 February 1995
• Docket Number: Cr. N
• Citation: 527 N.W.2d 658
• Parties: STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Ray Edward LEWIS, Defendant and Appellant. STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Susan A. LEWIS, Defendant and Appellant. os. 940144, 940145.
• Court: North Dakota Supreme Court

Page 658

527 N.W.2d 658

STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Ray Edward LEWIS, Defendant and Appellant.

STATE of North Dakota, Plaintiff and Appellee, v. Susan A. LEWIS, Defendant and Appellant.

Cr. Nos. 940144, 940145.

Supreme Court of North Dakota.

Feb. 8, 1995.

Michel W. Stefonowicz (argued), State's Atty., Crosby, for plaintiff and appellee.

Michael R. Hoffman (argued), Bismarck, for defendants and appellants.

LEVINE, Justice.

Ray Edward Lewis and Susan A. Lewis appeal from judgments of conviction for manufacturing a controlled substance, which were entered on conditional pleas of guilty under N.D.R.Crim.P. 11(a)(2) and reserved their right to challenge the trial court's denial of a pretrial motion to suppress evidence seized during a search of their home. Because the search warrant was issued without probable cause, we reverse the judgments and remand to the trial court to allow the Lewises to withdraw their guilty pleas.

On April 14, 1993, Jeff White, a special agent with the North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigation, executed an affidavit and testified before a magistrate in support of a warrant to search the Lewis residence in rural Ambrose, for "marijuana plants, marijuana and marijuana derivatives." White said he had been employed as a special agent since 1985, and was assigned primarily to narcotics investigations. After listing his drug enforcement training experience, he said he had "personally been involved in approximately 15 indoor marijuana growing operation investigations throughout the state...."

According to White, two weeks earlier, Jeff Stickney, a United States drug enforcement agent, told him federal investigators were conducting a nationwide undercover drug operation called "Operation Green Merchant," in which they obtained customer records from "indoor growing operation supply houses" across the country to "attempt to identify people ordering equipment consistent with indoor marijuana growing operations." Stickney told White that customer records subpoenaed from Aqua Culture in Tempe, Arizona, showed Ray Lewis of Ambrose had ordered and received several items from the store between October 8, 1990 and May 3, 1991. These items included "thousand watt metal halide light bulbs, extenders for the growing room, CO ² regulators for CO ² bottles, ... a solar shuttle ..., pH soil testers, things of that nature." White then contacted a fellow special agent, Dallas Carlson, who checked with local authorities and learned that there was only one Ray Lewis living in Divide County and that he used to live in Ambrose, but now lived on a farm approximately one-half mile west of Ambrose.

At 3 a.m. on April 14, 1993, White and Sheriff Paul Peterson went to the Lewis farmstead and performed "a visual inspection of the Lewis residence" using a "thermal imaging device, which is a heat differential device which [shows] ... excessive heat losses through houses...." White, who was trained to use the thermal imaging device, said because "those thousand watt sodium halide bulbs are generally very warm in the grow rooms," the device can detect "hot spots" on the houses unless they are very well insulated. According to White,

"While looking through that at the west side of the house on the second story, I observed normal heat loss through the doors and the gable areas and the cement block areas in the basement, but in addition to that I noticed an unusual heat loss in the upstairs second story on the west side of the residence coming through the siding board where there would normally be insulation between the studs, indicating that there was excessive heat in the upstairs of the residence."

When daylight came, White visually inspected the residence and observed that the west-side window on the second story of the house, "above the unexplained heat loss," "was covered with what appeared to be styrofoam insulation and the south window was covered with what appeared to be fiberglass insulation, while the east window was not covered at all." According to White, "covering windows to hide light, heat loss, or visual inspection of plants is common to indoor grow operations and [he] has in fact observed this tactic on all of his previous indoor grow room investigations."

White and Peterson then obtained the Lewises' electrical consumption records from the local office of Montana-Dakota Utilities. Those records showed that the electrical consumption on the farmstead was "small," between 70 to 700 kilowatt hours per month from April 1990 until September 1990, when it "jumped up to 1700 kilowatt hours per month and from that point on until today, they've averaged approximately 1600 kilowatt hours per month." White considered that consumption "excessive" for a family of four because the Lewises have a "fuel oil furnace and no central air conditioning, no other outbuildings," and the "amounts were more than everybody else is paying, or appear to be paying for normal use of electricity...."

White also stated he had learned from Williams County Deputy Sheriff Scott Busching, who "has an informant (untested) who is working in the Crosby/Ambrose area[,] that there was an indoor grow operation going in the area." White said "[t]his informant was told by an individual here in town ... this past weekend that they were unable to buy any marijuana at this time ... but that they were expecting a harvest...."

In response to the magistrate's question whether White was "convinced that the man is not growing tomatoes," White testified,

"Yes. The fact that the windo[w]s are covered indicates to me a need for privacy and not wanting anybody to see what's going on even though it was on a second story window, and that the two windows were covered on the part of the house where the hot spots were, and the two windows weren't covered on the part of the house where the hot spots weren't. That indicates to me that they're hiding something or attempting to hide something."

The magistrate determined that probable cause existed and issued a search warrant for the house. During the search, officers found processed marijuana and growing marijuana plants. The indoor marijuana grow operation was found in the basement of the house. The Lewises were charged with manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of N.D.C.C. Sec. 19-03.1-23(1)(b).

The Lewises moved to suppress the evidence discovered during the search. They argued that there was no probable cause to issue the search warrant and that the warrantless use of the thermal imaging device was itself an unconstitutional search. They also argued that, when White applied for the search warrant, he intentionally or recklessly omitted evidence in an effort to mislead the magistrate. During a preliminary hearing, Peterson had testified that Susan Lewis was known locally as "the plant lady" and that he knew "she's got a lot of plants." He further testified that he told White about this before the search was conducted and mentioned to him the possibility "she's growing Boston ferns, tomatoes." White did not present that information to the magistrate.

The trial court denied the suppression motion. The court held that the warrantless use of the thermal imaging device was not an unconstitutional search and that the evidence given to the magistrate provided a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. The trial court noted that Susan Lewis' reputation as a "plant lover" had "obvious implications which would have been of probative value to the magistrate," but did not "find the absence of presentation of this information to the magistrate to be fatal" to the probable cause determination.

On appeal, the Lewises assert that White's use of the thermal imaging device was a warrantless search in violation of the state and federal constitutions, relying on the position adopted by a minority of courts. See United States v. Field, 855 F.Supp. 1518 (W.D.Wis.1994); United States v. Ishmael, 843 F.Supp. 205 (E.D.Tex.1994); State v. Young, 123 Wash.2d 173, 867 P.2d 593 (1994). The majority of courts having considered the issue has ruled that the warrantless use of such devices is not unconstitutional. See, e.g., United States v. Ford, 34 F.3d 992 (11th Cir.1994); United States v. Pinson, 24 F.3d 1056 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 664, 130 L.Ed.2d 598 (1994); United States v. Domitrovich, 852 F.Supp. 1460 (E.D.Wash.1994); United States v. Porco, 842 F.Supp. 1393 (D.Wyo.1994); United States v. Penny-Feeney, 773 F.Supp. 220 (D.Hawaii 1991), aff'd on other grounds, 984 F.2d 1053 (9th Cir.1993); State v. Cramer, 174 Ariz. 522, 851 P.2d 147 (Ct.App.1992); State v. McKee, 181 Wis.2d 354, 510 N.W.2d 807 (1993). We need not decide the issue here, however, because we agree with the Lewises that, even with the information obtained through use of the thermal imaging device, the evidence submitted to the magistrate was insufficient to support a determination of probable cause.

Whether probable cause exists is a question of law. Woehlhoff v. State, 487 N.W.2d 16, 18 (N.D.1992). A...