State v. Magaha
Decision Date | 02 June 1943 |
Docket Number | 17. |
Parties | STATE v. MAGAHA. |
Court | Maryland Court of Appeals |
Appeal from Criminal Court of Baltimore City; Eugene O'Dunne Judge.
Harry Magaha was indicted for violating a city ordinance by failing, while operating a trackless trolley, to exercise reasonable care to avoid injury through collision with a motor ambulance and a demurrer was sustained to the indictment and the indictment was quashed, and the State appeals.
Order reversed and case remanded.
Robert E. Clapp, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen. (William C Walsh, Atty. Gen., and J. Bernard Wells, State's Atty and Thomas N. Biddison, Asst. State's Atty., both of Baltimore, on the brief), for appellant.
Eben J D. Cross, of Baltimore (Philip S. Ball, of Baltimore, on the brief), for appellee.
Before SLOAN, C.J., and DELAPLAINE, COLLINS, MARBURY, GRASON, MELVIN, and ADAMS, JJ.
The State has brought this appeal to defend the constitutional validity of 'General Rule Covering the Use of Streets' in the Traffic Ordinance of Baltimore City. The challenged section provides: Ordinances of Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 1908-09, Ord. 139; Baltimore City Code, 1927 Edition, art. 4, sec. 57.
Harry Magaha was indicted in the Criminal Court of Baltimore City for violating this section. The specific charge in the indictment is that the defendant on October 24, 1942, while operating a trackless trolley westbound on Federal Street, failed to exercise all reasonable care to avoid and prevent injury through collision with the motor ambulance being driven northbound on Wolfe Street by John Thomas Riley. The defendant demurred to the indictment, and the appeal was taken from an order sustaining the demurrer and quashing the indictment.
The Criminal Court considered the section unconstitutional on account of failure to fix an ascertainable standard of guilt. It is an established doctrine of constitutional law that a penal statute creating a new offense must set forth a reasonably ascertainable standard of guilt and must be sufficiently explicit to enable a person of ordinary intelligence to ascertain with a fair degree of precision what acts it intends to prohibit, and therefore what conduct on his part will render him liable to its penalties. A statute which either commands or forbids the doing of an act in terms so vague that persons of ordinary intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application violates the constitutional guarantee of due process of law. Commonwealth v. Zasloff, 338 Pa. 457, 13 A.2d 67, 128 A.L.R. 1120; Connally v. General Construction Co., 269 U.S. 385, 46 S.Ct. 126, 70 L.Ed. 322; Lanzetta v. New Jersey,
306 U.S. 451, 59 S.Ct. 618, 621, 83 L.Ed. 888; Daniel Loughran Co. v. Lord Baltimore Candy & Tobacco Co., 178 Md. 38, 47, 12 A.2d 201. But it is well settled that a penal statute or ordinance should not be held void merely because juries may differ in their judgments in cases brought thereunder on the same state of facts. In 1913 the Supreme Court of the United States, in upholding the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §§ 1-7, 15 note, laid down the rule that a statute is not void for indefiniteness merely because it casts upon a person the risk of rightly estimating a matter of degree. Justice Holmes emphasized in that opinion: Nash v. United States, 229 U.S. 373, 33 S.Ct. 780, 781, 57 L.Ed. 1232. In the following year Justice Holmes amplified his view in the Nash case as follows: International Harvester Co. v. Kentucky, 234 U.S. 216, 34 S.Ct. 853, 855, 58 L.Ed. 1284.
Following the authority of the Nash case, the Supreme Court sustained a conviction of manslaughter under an Oregon statute providing that every person operating a motor vehicle shall drive 'in a careful and prudent manner, * * * and in no case at a rate of speed that will endanger the property of another, or the life and limb of any person.' Laws Or. 1921, c. 371, § 2(16). Miller v. Oregon, 273 U.S. 657, 47 S.Ct. 344, 71 L.Ed. 825. Chief Justice Taft upheld the standard fixed by the Oregon statute as follows: Cline v. Frink Dairy Co., 274 U.S. 445, 47 S.Ct. 681, 687, 71 L.Ed. 1146.
The appellee cited United States v. L. Cohen Grocery Co., 255 U.S. 81, 41 S.Ct. 298, 300, 65 L.Ed. 516, 14 A.L.R. 1045, where the court invalidated the Lever Act, which undertook to punish any person who wilfully makes 'any unjust or unreasonable rate or charge in handling or dealing in or with any necessaries.' Act Oct. 22, 1919, 41 Stat. 297. But in that opinion Chief Justice White explained: In Connally v. General Construction Co., 269 U.S. 385, 46 S.Ct. 126, 70 L.Ed. 322, the court likewise held unconstitutional an Oklahoma statute requiring that all persons employed by or on behalf of the State shall be paid 'not less than the current rate of per diem wages in the locality where the work is performed.' 61 O.S.1941 § 3. Nevertheless, it was subsequently held by the Maryland Court of Appeals that the Act providing that laborers on any public work within the City of Baltimore shall be paid 'not less than the current rate of per diem wages in the locality where the work is performed', Code Pub.Loc.Laws 1930, art. 4, § 516, did not contravene the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution or the Maryland Declaration of Rights, because it is possible to ascertain the current rate of wages from a scale or standard generally established by common consent in the area which includes the site of the public work and the adjoining territory where such wages prevail. Judge Parke said in that case: Ruark v. International Union of Operating Engineers, 157 Md. 576, 584, 146 A. 797, 800.
The public policy of the State of Maryland in favor of criminal prosecution for reckless driving on the public highways of the State has been declared by the Legislature through the last 29 years in the enactment of the statute making it a criminal offense to operate a motor vehicle recklessly or at a rate of speed greater than is reasonable and proper, having regard to the width, traffic and use of the highway, or so as to endanger the property and life or limb of any person. Acts of 1914, ch. 832; Code, art. 56, sec. 196(1). It is for the legislative branch of government to enact such measures as it deems desirable for the advancement of the public welfare but the judiciary is the ultimate authority to determine whether constitutional restraints have been violated, confining itself to the question, not of legislative policy, but of legislative power. We adopt the rule supported by the great weight of authority in the United States that a statute prohibiting under penalty the driving of a motor vehicle on a public highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and proper, or so as to endanger life, limb or property is not void for indefiniteness. Commonwealth v. Pentz, 247 Mass. 500, 143 N.E. 322; State v. Andrews, 108 Conn. 209, 142...
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