State v. Martinez, 26,270.

• Decision Date: 05 February 2008
• Docket Number: No. 26,270.,26,270.
• Citation: 144 N.M. 50,183 P.3d 935,2008 NMCA 058
• Parties: STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Eligio MARTINEZ, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: Court of Appeals of New Mexico

183 P.3d 935

2008 NMCA 058

144 N.M. 50

STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.Eligio MARTINEZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 26,270.

Court of Appeals of New Mexico.

February 5, 2008.

Certiorari Denied, No. 30,964, March 26, 2008.

Gary K. King, Attorney General, Ann M. Harvey, Assistant Attorney General, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellee.

John Bigelow, Chief Public Defender, Will O'Connell, Assistant Appellate Defender, Santa Fe, NM, for Appellant.

OPINION

PICKARD, Judge.

{1} In this opinion, we hold that the act of signing an intake fingerprint card with an assumed name when being booked into jail constitutes forgery under the New Mexico forgery statute, NMSA 1978, § 30-16-10(A)(1963).Defendant was convicted of forgery for signing his cousin's name to a Farmington jail fingerprint card.He challenges the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss, contending that the fingerprint card is not a document with "legal efficacy" as contemplated by the New Mexico forgery statute.We affirm.

BACKGROUND

{2} The facts that give rise to the forgery charge against Defendant are not in dispute.On October 12, 2004, Defendant identified himself to a police officer using the name of his cousin.Because there was a warrant out for his cousin's arrest, Defendant was arrested and booked into the Farmington Jail.His cousin's name was written or typed on Defendant's fingerprint card, phone log, and prisoner possessions listing, and Defendant signed all three of these documents using this false name.When Defendant's true identity was ascertained at a subsequent domestic relations hearing, he was charged with three counts of forgery contrary to Section 30-16-10(A) and one count of concealing identity contrary to NMSA 1978, § 30-22-3(1963).The State filed a nolle prosequi on two of the three forgery counts, proceeding solely on the forged fingerprint card.The concealing identity charge is not the subject of this appeal.The trial court denied Defendant's motion to dismiss the remaining forgery count, and Defendant entered a conditional guilty plea reserving his right to appeal the trial court's decision.This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

{3} Whether forgery charges can be predicated on Defendant's conduct is a question of statutory interpretation that we review de novo.State v. Sandoval,2007-NMCA-103, ¶ 10, 142 N.M. 412, 166 P.3d 473, cert. granted,2007-NMCERT-008, 142 N.M. 436, 166 P.3d 1090.Legal efficacy is a purely legal issue that we also afford de novo review.Id.

Legal efficacy

1.Legal efficacy of non-commercial documents

{4}Section 30-16-10(A) defines forgery as "falsely making or altering any signature to, or any part of, any writing purporting to have any legal efficacy with intent to injure or defraud."Because forgery is a crime "aimed primarily at safeguarding confidence in the genuineness of documents relied upon in commercial and business activity,"State v. Nguyen,1997-NMCA-037, ¶ 13, 123 N.M. 290, 939 P.2d 1098, the essential element of legal efficacy has frequently been addressed in New Mexico case law in the context of commercial and business transactions.See, e.g., State v. Cearley,2004-NMCA-079, ¶ 15, 135 N.M. 710, 92 P.3d 1284(holding that photocopies of altered non-carbon records of checks were not instruments purporting to have legal efficacy);State v. Carbajal,2002-NMSC-019, ¶ 17, 132 N.M. 326, 48 P.3d 64(holding that the defendant's alteration of a traveler's check by filling in the "pay to the order of" line did not have "legal effect"(emphasis omitted)).However, our courts have recognized that forgery is not confined to the commercial realm.See, e.g., State v. Wasson,1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 8, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820(holding that traffic citations are instruments purporting to have legal efficacy);Nguyen,1997-NMCA-037, ¶ 15, 123 N.M. 290, 939 P.2d 1098(holding that bingo cards purport to have legal efficacy).In fact, this Court has held that "any document required by law to be filed or recorded or necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties" may be found to be legally efficacious.Wasson,1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 7, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

{5}We hold today that the determination of whether a non-commercial document purports to have legal efficacy is a two-step inquiry.First, the court must determine whether the non-commercial document in question falls within the language of Wasson.If not, the document cannot provide the foundation for a forgery conviction.If the document meets Wasson, then the court must inquire whether the document purports to have legal efficacy under the two-pronged Cowley standard described below.SeeState v. Cowley,79 N.M. 49, 439 P.2d 567(Ct.App.1968).

2.Determining the legal efficacy of a non-commercial document is a two-step inquiry

a. The document must fall within the language ofWasson

{6}The trial court in this case ruled that because the falsely signed fingerprint card is a "document required by law to be filed or recorded or necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties," it is necessarily an instrument purporting to have legal efficacy.Although we agree with the trial court that a fingerprint card falls within the language of Wasson,we must clarify that no document can be deemed to have legal efficacy solely by virtue of the fact that it is "required by law to be filed or recorded or necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties."SeeWasson,1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 7, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).Otherwise, the false signing of any public document could give rise to a forgery charge.This was clearly not the intent of the Wasson court.

{7} In Wasson,this Court considered the question of whether a traffic citation purports to have legal efficacy so as to give rise to a forgery conviction.Id.¶¶ 7-9.In addressing this question, the Court noted that "[a]lthough forgeries often involve documents relied upon to establish financial obligations and entitlements in the conduct of private business, they also may involve `any document required by law to be filed or recorded or necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties.'"Id.¶ 7(emphasis added)(quoting4 Charles E. Torcia, Wharton's Criminal Law§ 491, at 94 (15th ed.1996)(citation omitted)).The Court thus broadened the scope of documents that may be considered legally efficacious to include non-commercial instruments such as traffic citations.We cannot read Wasson to automatically confer legal efficacy on any document falling within its purview.We read the Wasson language merely to underscore the fact that a forgery conviction may arise from the false signing of a non-commercial document.See1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 7, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820.To the extent that this Court may have suggested otherwise in Sandoval,2007-NMCA-103, ¶ 11, 142 N.M. 412, 166 P.3d 473("A document required by law to be filed or recorded or necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties is also considered to be legally efficacious."(emphasis added)(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), we clarify that where a non-commercial document falls within the language of Wasson, only the first step of the legal efficacy inquiry is complete.Such a document may purport to have legal efficacy, but only if it also meets the Cowley requirements set forth later in this opinion.

{8} Turning to the case before us today, it is clear to us that a fingerprint card is both "required by law to be filed or recorded" and "necessary or convenient to the discharge of a public official's duties," and therefore falls within the language of Wasson.New Mexico law requires a person arrested for the commission of a criminal offense punishable by imprisonment for more than six months to give fingerprint impressions.NMSA 1978, § 29-3-8(A), (B)(2002)(requiring "the arresting peace officer or the jail to make fingerprint impressions prior to the person's release")."At the time of fingerprinting, a state tracking number shall be assigned to the fingerprint records and the booking sheet."Id.Detention Officer Martinez testified at the motions hearing that the San Juan County Detention Center follows policies tracking these statutory requirements.He also testified that copies of the fingerprint card are filed internally and are disseminated to other law enforcement agencies.Accordingly, we hold today that an intake fingerprint card clearly falls within the language of Wasson.

b. The document must meet the definition of legal efficacy set forth inCowley

{9}We must now consider whether a fingerprint card has independent legal efficacy under common law.In Cowley,79 N.M. at 52, 439 P.2d at 570, this Court defined a document with legal efficacy as "an instrument which upon its face could be made the foundation of liability.Also, an instrument good and valid for the purpose for which it was created."Subsequently, our courts have read Cowley to mean that for a document to purport to have legal efficacy both of these requirements must be met.See, e.g., Wasson,1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 7, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820(defining the element of legal efficacy in terms of "an instrument which upon its face could be made the foundation of liability and an instrument good and valid for the purpose for which it was created"(emphasis added)(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).Our courts determine whether a non-commercial document satisfies Cowley by examining the nature of the document, any legal functions it may serve, and any legal obligations it may impose.See, e.g., Sandoval,2007-NMCA-103, ¶¶ 14-18, 142 N.M. 412, 166 P.3d 473;Wasson,1998-NMCA-087, ¶ 8, 125 N.M. 656, 964 P.2d 820;Nguyen,1997-NMCA-037, ¶¶ 15-16, 123 N.M. 290, 939 P.2d 1098.

i. A fingerprint card is an...