State v. McCann

• Decision Date: 24 December 1987
• Docket Number: No. 87-131,87-131
• Citation: 149 Vt. 147,541 A.2d 75
• Parties: STATE of Vermont v. Harold G. McCANN.
• Court: Vermont Supreme Court

Page 75

541 A.2d 75

149 Vt. 147

STATE of Vermont v. Harold G. McCANN.

No. 87-131.

Supreme Court of Vermont.

Dec. 24, 1987.

Kurt M. Hughes, Chittenden County Deputy State's Atty., Burlington, for plaintiff-appellant.

William A. Nelson, Montpelier, for defendant-appellee.

Robert B. Hemley and Van Z. Krikorian of Gravel and Shea, Burlington, for amicus curiae General Electric.

Before ALLEN, C.J., PECK ^* and DOOLEY, JJ., BARNEY, C.J. (Ret.) and COSTELLO, District Judge (Ret.), Specially Assigned.

DOOLEY, Justice.

This Court granted permission to appeal to the State under V.R.A.P. 5(b)(1) by order dated April 9, 1987. The defendant-appellee has moved pursuant to V.R.A.P. 5(b)(3) to dismiss this interlocutory appeal as improvidently granted.

As a preliminary matter, we must address the State's argument that dismissal of the appeal in the Supreme Court is not an available remedy under V.R.A.P. 5(b)(3) where the trial court has denied permission to appeal, and this Court thereafter grants such permission. The last sentence of V.R.A.P. 5(b)(3) expressly addresses and resolves this issue:

If at any time, upon such motion or upon its own motion, the Supreme Court finds that no controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion has been presented or that a decision on such question would not materially advance the termination of the litigation, it may dismiss the appeal.

V.R.A.P. 5(b)(3) (emphasis added).

Turning to the merits of the jurisdictional issue herein, after careful review of the nature of the issues appellant seeks to appeal at this time, we have reconsidered our earlier ruling, and now conclude that permission to appeal was improvidently granted.

We start by emphasizing the procedural posture of this case. As required by V.R.A.P. 5(b)(1) the State sought permission to appeal the interlocutory order in the trial court. On March 26, 1987, the trial court issued an opinion and order denying the State permission to appeal on a number of grounds: (1) the ruling on which an appeal is sought is fact specific and may change at trial based on the evidence produced; (2) the appeal will prolong ultimate termination of the case; (3) there is a potential for piecemeal appeals; and (4) the State is seeking an advisory opinion to determine whether to continue its prosecution, an inappropriate use of an interlocutory appeal. It is the denial of permission to appeal that was appealed to this Court.

The interlocutory order for which review is sought was issued on January 26, 1987. In it, the district court granted defendant's motion for leave to present evidence supporting the defenses of justification, necessity, and privilege to the charge of disorderly conduct. In conjunction with the motion, defendant submitted a detailed offer of proof relating to the use of weapons produced at the site of the alleged disorderly conduct by military and paramilitary groups seeking to overthrow the Nicaraguan government. The trial court's decision to grant the motion in limine was based expressly on its assumption that defendant would be able to prove at trial that which he offered to prove.

We must first address the standard of review in this case. ¹ We have not, in the past, had occasion to define the standard of review in interlocutory appeal cases where the trial court has refused to grant permission. Since our power to review a trial court determination denying interlocutory appeal is not contained within a specific statute or within the general statement of our original jurisdiction powers, it must come under our appellate jurisdiction. See 4 V.S.A. § 2(a) (Supreme Court has "jurisdiction of appeals from judgments, rulings and orders" of the trial courts "unless otherwise provided by law"). In exercising jurisdiction, we do not, as an appellate court, proceed de novo although the exact standard of review may vary depending upon the nature of the ruling being appealed from. See, e.g., Boston Edison Co. v. Boston Redevelopment Authority, 374 Mass. 37, 49, 371 N.E.2d 728, 739 (1977) ("proper approach in considering the appropriate scope of review is to evaluate the nature of the action sought to be reviewed."); In re Cieminski, 270 N.W.2d 321, 325 (N.D.1978) ("In determining the scope of review, consideration must be given to the particular responsibility and function of the reviewing authority over the basic subject matter, as well as the function and authority of the body whose action is reviewed.").

We are persuaded that the standard of review should be narrow. Our rule is based upon the federal interlocutory appeal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). See In re Pyramid Co., 141 Vt. 294, 301, 449 A.2d 915, 919 (1982); Reporter's Notes to V.R.A.P. 5(b). The federal statute does not allow an appeal or extraordinary review of the trial court's decision to refuse permission to appeal. See Arthur Young & Co. v. United States Dist. Court, 549 F.2d 686, 698 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 829, 98 S.Ct. 109, 54 L.Ed.2d 88 (1977). The decision to place unreviewable discretion in the trial court to deny any appeal was intentional:

The district court's familiarity with the record and the original order permits it to screen applications for appeal with little additional effort and puts it in the best position to determine whether an appeal will further the goal of efficiency. By contrast, since very few petitions for leave to appeal will show on their face whether an appeal is frivolous, appellate screening would frequently require the appellate court to become so familiar with the merits of the case while reviewing the jurisdictional question that little would be achieved by denying review. Therefore any effective restriction on the right to appeal will require that the certification of the trial judge be jealously guarded and that de novo consideration of an order by the court of appeals be restricted.

Note, Interlocutory Appeals in the Federal Courts under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), 88 Harv.L.Rev. 607, 614 (1975) (citing hearing testimony before the Congressional committees that considered 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b)). However, the federal statute allows the appeals court to deny an interlocutory appeal even after the trial court has granted permission. In part, this is because interlocutory appeals should "be used only in exceptional cases." Report of the Committee on Appeals From Interlocutory Orders of the District Court, Agenda No. 11 (Sept. 23, 1953), reprinted in 1958 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 5255, 5260 (85th Cong., 2d Sess.) (the report of this committee served as the basis for the drafting and enacting of the interlocutory appeal statute). The Court of Appeals can deny the appeal for any reason, including docket congestion. See Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 475, 98 S.Ct. 2454, 2461, 57 L.Ed.2d 351 (1978).

In light of this history, we hold that the decision to refuse permission for an interlocutory appeal is one committed to the discretion of the trial court. The test in reviewing this decision "is whether there has been an abuse of discretion, or a failure to exercise discretion." Ohland v. Ohland, 141 Vt. 34, 39, 442 A.2d 1306, 1309 (1982) (citations omitted). We will not reverse simply because we would have reached a different conclusion had we been the trial court. See id.

The trial court's determination in this case is well reasoned and clearly falls within its discretion based on its evaluation of the likelihood that the interlocutory appeal will prolong the termination of the case. The court has not abused its discretion or failed to exercise it. We would end our analysis here, but in view of the fact that we are now reversing our determination on whether to allow an interlocutory appeal, we are detailing below why we believe the trial court opinion is correct.

We agree with the trial court that, even assuming a substantial ground for difference of opinion exists as to the trial court's order, it does not involve a "controlling question of law" within the meaning of V.R.A.P. 5(b)(1). This Court stated in In re Pyramid Co., 141 Vt. at 304, 449 A.2d at 920, that: "A question of law is one capable of accurate resolution by an appellate court without the benefit of a factual record. If factual distinctions could control the legal result, the issue is not an appropriate subject for interlocutory appeal." (Citations omitted). Recently, in State v. City of Winooski, 147 Vt. 649, 650, 520 A.2d 998, 999 (1986) (mem.), we reiterated the Pyramid rule by stating that: "[o]nly those questions should be certified up before judgment which bring with them a framework sufficient to allow this Court to issue a decision which will be pertinent and inevitable in the disposition of the case below."

Here, the questions of law asserted by the State to be controlling are very broad. ² Many may not be material to the disposition of the case. The legal result is entirely dependent on the defendant's ability to prove at trial facts which he has at this point merely offered to prove. If his offer of proof at trial is unsuccessful, the trial court's ruling could change. Further the trial court has made only a partial admissibility ruling, leaving relevancy and V.R.E. 403 issues to be resolved during the trial. As in Pyramid, the resolution of the issue the State seeks to appeal "may be...