State v. McCarthy

• Decision Date: 16 October 1991
• Docket Number: No. 9440,9440
• Citation: 25 Conn.App. 624,595 A.2d 941
• Parties: STATE of Connecticut v. Myles McCARTHY.
• Court: Connecticut Court of Appeals

Page 941

595 A.2d 941

25 Conn.App. 624

STATE of Connecticut v. Myles McCARTHY.

No. 9440.

Appellate Court of Connecticut.

Argued June 5, 1991.

Decided Sept. 3, 1991.

Certification Denied Oct. 16, 1991.

Brian M. O'Connell, Hartford, for appellant (defendant).

Margaret Gaffney Radionovas, Deputy Asst. State's Atty., with whom, on the brief, were John M. Bailey, State's Atty., and Edward Wilson, Deputy Asst. State's Atty., for appellee (state).

Before DUPONT, C.J., and NORCOTT and FOTI, JJ.

NORCOTT, Judge.

The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of possession of cocaine in violation of General Statutes § 21a-279(a) ¹ and tampering with physical evidence in violation of General Statutes § 53a-155. He was given a total effective sentence of two years, execution suspended, probation for three years and a fine of $12,500. On appeal, the defendant argues that his conviction should be overturned because the amount of cocaine at issue cannot be classified as a quantity pursuant to § 21a-279(a). We affirm the trial court's judgment.

The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. While patrolling the parking area at an East Hartford restaurant shortly before 1 a.m. on July 1, 1989, Officer Robert Kornfeld of the East Hartford police department noticed a parked car with its interior light on. Kornfeld approached the car on the driver's side from the rear and noticed three men inside including the defendant in the front passenger seat. Through the car's windows, Kornfeld saw the defendant use two razor blades to chop a white substance into a powder on the dashboard. Believing the defendant was preparing to inhale cocaine, Kornfeld approached the car and identified himself as a police officer. The defendant then held the razor blades, the cocaine and a mirror out of the open passenger window. When Kornfeld told him to put his hand back inside the car, the defendant complied but threw everything into the air inside the vehicle.

Additional officers arrived at the scene and the three men were placed in a police cruiser. Kornfeld searched the car and recovered a piece of white paper with white powder on it, two razor blades, and "bits and pieces" of a white powdery substance from the dashboard, the front passenger seat and the rear seats. A state department of health services laboratory analysis subsequently showed the substance to be cocaine. No cocaine was detected on the razor blades, and the laboratory did not weigh the cocaine found in the car because it ordinarily does not do so when the amount of a substance is so small. Based on the lab analysis, a warrant for the defendant's arrest was issued on December 9, 1989. At trial, department of health services toxicologist Joel Milzoff testified that, had the cocaine been weighed, it would have amounted to "milligram quantities or less." The amount of the cocaine, he testified, represented "remnants of a consumable amount." Kornfeld testified that the powdery substance could "fit into several zeroes of [a] typewriter."

The defendant claims that § 21a-279(a) does not permit convictions for possession of illegal narcotics when the amount at issue is a quantity unusable for personal consumption. Our interpretation of § 21a-279(a) must begin with the proposition that penal statutes are to be strictly construed. State v. Somerville, 214 Conn. 378, 385, 572 A.2d 944 (1990); State v. Mattioli, 210 Conn. 573, 579, 556 A.2d 584 (1989). This principle underlies the general rule of statutory interpretation that " 'the intent of the legislature is to be found not in what it meant to say, but in what it did say.' " State v. Roque, 190 Conn. 143, 150, 460 A.2d 26 (1983), quoting Gomeau v. Forrest, 176 Conn. 523, 526, 409 A.2d 1006 (1979). In ascertaining that intent, " ' "[i]f the words are clear and unambiguous, 'it is assumed that [they] express the intention of the legislature' ... and we need inquire no further." ' " State v. Lubus, 216 Conn. 402, 407, 581 A.2d 1045 (1990), quoting State v. Mattioli, supra, 210 Conn. at 576, 556 A.2d 584. Further, interpretation of a penal statute "must accord with common sense and commonly approved usage of the language." State v. Edwards, 201 Conn. 125, 132, 513 A.2d 669 (1986); State v. Roque, supra, 190 Conn. at 151, 460 A.2d 26. The "words used in a criminal statute should not be accorded the narrowest technical meaning in disregard of their context and in frustration of the obvious legislative intent." State v. Hufford, 205 Conn. 386, 392, 533 A.2d 866 (1987). " 'A statute is not to be interpreted to thwart its purpose.' " State v. Roque, supra, quoting Mystic Marinelife Aquarium, Inc. v. Gill, 175 Conn. 483, 489, 400 A.2d 726 (1978).

Section § 21a-279(a) makes criminal the possession of "any quantity of any narcotic substance." (Emphasis added.) See State v. Connelly, 194 Conn. 589, 593, 483 A.2d 1085 (1984). Our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that "[t]he word 'any' has a diversity of meanings and may be used to indicate 'all' or 'every' as well as 'some' or 'one' and its meaning in a given statute depends upon the context and subject matter of the statute." King v. Board of Education, 203 Conn. 324, 334, 524 A.2d 1131 (1987); West Hartford Taxpayers Assn., Inc. v. Streeter, 190 Conn. 736, 745, 462 A.2d 379 (1983); Donohue v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 155 Conn. 550, 556, 235 A.2d 643 (1967); Muller v. Town Plan & Zoning Commission, 145 Conn. 325, 328, 142 A.2d 524 (1958); see also New York, N.H. & H.R. Co. v. Stevens, 81 Conn. 16, 21, 69 A. 1052 (1908) ("any" is too comprehensive a word to receive a narrow construction). In State v. Connelly, supra, our Supreme Court rejected the defendant's claim that the presence of .18 ounces of cocaine could not justify the forfeiture to the state of a car used in furtherance of criminal activity. The court stated that the prohibition in § 21a-279(a) ² against "any quantity of any narcotic substance" is "precise language emphasizing that possession of 'any' amount ... constitutes a crime...." Id., 194 Conn. at 593, 483 A.2d 1085.

Much like the defendant in Connelly, the defendant in this case asks this court to find that a conviction for possession of narcotics cannot stand when the amount of illegal narcotics involved is so small as to be unusable for personal consumption. In support of this argument, the defendant relies on decisions from other jurisdictions that held that less than measurable or usable amounts of a narcotic substance cannot sustain a conviction for possession of narcotics. See, e.g., State v. Moreno, 92 Ariz. 116, 120, 374 P.2d 872 (1962) (unusable amount insufficient to support conviction); Hawkins v. United States, 482 A.2d 1230, 1233 (D.C.App.1984) (requiring more than a trace of cocaine); Payne v. United States, 294 A.2d 501, 503 (D.C.App.1972) (unquantifiable amount results in failure of proof of evidence of a usable quantity); Edelin v. United States, 227 A.2d 395, 399 (D.C.App.1967) (microscopic traces of heroin); Pelham v. State, 164 Tex.Crim. 226, 228-29, 298 S.W.2d 171 (1957) (unusable amount of marihuana not within meaning of possession statute); Greer v. Texas, 163 Tex.Crim. 377, 378, 292 S.W.2d 122 (1956) (trace amount of heroin on cotton in bottlecap).

We note that, notwithstanding the above cases, it is the majority view that any amount of a proscribed substance is sufficient to sustain a conviction for possession. See People v. Harrington, 396 Mich. 33, 42-45, 238 N.W.2d 20 (1976); People v. Mizell, 72 N.Y.2d 651, 654, 532 N.E.2d 1249, 536 N.Y.S.2d 21 (1988); note, "Criminal Liability for Possession of Nonusable Amounts of Controlled Substances," 77 Colum.L.Rev. 596, 605-12 (1977). Despite this majority view, the defendant contends that our legislature intended to punish only the possession of usable amounts of illegal narcotics and advocates that this court adopt the minority view that possession of a mere trace or an unusable amount cannot constitute a crime. Numerous courts that have considered this issue have declined to impose minimum amount requirements. See, e.g., People v. Harrington, supra; State v. Humphreys, 54 N.J. 406, 411, 255 A.2d 273 (1969); People v. Mizell, supra; State v. Winters, 16 Utah 2d 139, 143, 396 P.2d 872 (1964). Even when the smallest amounts have been at issue, courts have nevertheless upheld convictions. See, e.g., Manuel v. State, 782 S.W.2d 335, 336 (Tex.Crim.App.1989) (amount of cocaine equivalent to the size of four to six pinheads); Chavez v. State, 768 S.W.2d 366, 367-68 (Tex.Crim.App.1989) (1.5 milligrams); Miller v. State, 723 S.W.2d 789, 790 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (.008 milligrams).

Despite the defendant's urgings, we also decline to require any minimum amount or usability requirement before a conviction may be had pursuant to § 21a-279(a). It is not the province of a court to read into a criminal statute a requirement not contained therein. State v. Duhan, 194 Conn. 347, 358, 481 A.2d 48 (1984). " '[C]ourts should not imply exceptions to a statute which the legislature did not prescribe by word or implication.' " State v. Snook, 210 Conn. 244, 267, 555 A.2d 390 (1989), quoting Caulkins v. Petrillo, 200 Conn. 713, 719, 513 A.2d 43 (1986). Section § 21a-279(a) neither contains nor implies any minimum amount or usability exception to its prohibition against the possession of illegal narcotics. Indeed, the defendant in his brief concedes that when the legislature enacted § 21a-279(a), it intended to prevent drug use and did not provide for any amount or usability requirement. When a statute provides for punishment in such unequivocal language and provides for no exceptions, " 'it must be assumed that the legislature deemed that such enactment was necessary effectively to curb violation of the law, and we cannot impute to it an intent to make the...