State v. Mims
| Decision Date | 21 January 1987 |
| Docket Number | No. 18303-KA,18303-KA |
| Citation | 501 So.2d 962 |
| Parties | STATE of Louisiana, Appellee, v. Ira Joe MIMS, Appellant. |
| Court | Court of Appeal of Louisiana — District of US |
Richard E. Hiller, Indigent Defender Office, Shreveport, for appellant.
William J. Guste, Atty. Gen., Baton Rouge, Paul J. Carmouche, Dist. Atty., Howard M. Fish and Tommy J. Johnson, Asst. Dist. Attys., Shreveport, for appellee.
Before MARVIN, NORRIS and LINDSAY, JJ.
After being found guilty by jury verdict, Ira Joe Mims appeals his convictions and his sentences for the crimes of second degree battery and purse snatching. LRS 14:34.1, 65.1. He received hard labor and concurrent sentences of five years, the maximum without enhancement, for the battery, and of 35 years with enhancement for the purse snatching, having been found to be a multiple offender under LRS 15:529.1.
Mims argues four assignments of error, most of which relate to the trial court's rulings regarding eyewitness identification, its admissibility and, according to some studies, its fallibility. We affirm the convictions and the sentences.
In the early evening hours of January 12, 1985, the 70-year-old victim was approached by the assailant, whom she did not know, when she returned home from grocery shopping. Asked if her husband was home, she replied that she expected him in a minute. The assailant then played with the victim's dog in her front yard.
As was her custom, the victim honked the horn of her car for a neighbor to help her with the groceries. A teenage neighbor responded and saw the man carry one sack of groceries from the victim's car to the front steps. After the neighbor returned inside her home for a coat, the assailant first started to walk away but turned to approach the victim, striking her about her left eye, knocking her against her car, and then taking her purse which was under her left arm. The neighbor again appeared and found the victim on the ground asking for help. The victim was hospitalized for 18 days, initially in intensive care, for her serious head, back and eye injuries.
Two days later, when defendant was arrested on an unrelated charge, the victim's credit card was found in the car defendant was driving. Five days after the battery, the victim gave a statement to the police and picked defendant's picture from a photographic lineup which was displayed to the victim at the hospital. Defendant was then arrested for the subject crimes.
Defendant sought to suppress the victim's identification of him in the photographic lineup, alleging the lineup was suggestive. We have reviewed that lineup.
The six photographs in the lineup are all of black males of similar appearance. The police officer who compiled and presented the lineup testified that after he told the victim the lineup may or may not contain the photograph of the man who took her purse, the victim picked a photograph of defendant without any suggestion from him as to which photograph to pick. The victim testified that no one suggested which photograph she should pick and that she did not have doubt in her mind about which one was the photograph of the man who attacked her.
Although the victim did not give the police a description of her assailant before she viewed the lineup, the trial court found her identification of defendant's photograph to have been "very positive." The court did not find anything impermissible or suggestive in the lineup, and denied the motion to suppress identification.
On appeal, defendant argues that the lineup was impermissibly suggestive because the police officer allegedly "told" the victim to pick photograph No. 5 rather than No. 1. The transcript of the victim's statement given to the police officer was introduced at trial. This transcript shows that the victim inquired whether the number under the picture of Mims was a 5 or a 6. The police officer told the victim that the number under the picture she had picked was a 5. On cross-examination the victim testified she had trouble distinguishing the numbers because of her eye injury, but she did not have trouble recognizing the man's face and she did not change her mind about which photograph depicted her assailant. The numbers under the photographs are handwritten and are indeed quite small.
The police officer repeatedly testified that he did not suggest, by words or gestures, which photograph the victim should pick, and that he did not indicate to the victim that she had made the "right choice" after she identified defendant's photograph.
A defendant attempting to suppress an identification must first show that the identification procedure was suggestive, and secondly, that there was a likelihood of misidentification by the eyewitness. Even if the identification procedure was suggestive, the identification will be admissible, if under the totality of the circumstances, it is found to be reliable. State v. Guillot, 353 So.2d 1005 (La.1977); State v. Evans, 485 So.2d 161 (La.App. 2d Cir.1986), writ denied.
Here, the photographs displayed to the victim were of persons with a sufficient resemblance of characteristics and features to reasonably test the identification. The photographs have no distinguishing marks and they were not displayed in such a way that the victim's attention would be unduly focused on the defendant. The format of the lineup was not suggestive. See State v. Guillot, supra; State v. Clark, 437 So.2d 879 (La.App. 2d Cir.1983), writ denied.
At the hearing on the motion to suppress, the police officer and the victim testified that no suggestions were made about which photograph the victim should choose. This testimony was reiterated at trial. Although the victim admitted some difficulty in discerning whether the number under the photograph she picked was a 5 or a 6, she did not demonstrate any confusion about which photograph depicted her assailant.
Even if we were to assume that the identification procedure was suggestive, the identification will not be suppressed unless a likelihood of misidentification is shown. The factors considered in assessing the reliability of the identification include the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; the degree of attention paid by the witness to the criminal; the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the criminal; the level of certainty demonstrated at the confrontation; and the time between the crime and the confrontation. State v. Evans, supra.
Here, the victim had the opportunity to view her assailant when she noticed him in her yard and conversed with him before the crime occurred. Her attention was focused upon him when she responded to his questions about her husband and when, unsolicited, he carried a bag of her groceries. She showed no hesitancy in identifying defendant's photograph in the lineup five days after the crime. Weighing the strength of these factors against the absence of a physical description by the victim before she viewed the lineup, we find no error in the trial court's denial of defendant's motion to suppress the identification.
Defendant sought to introduce opinion evidence by Dr. Robert L. Benefield, an experimental psychologist, concerning factors which increase and decrease the probability of accurate post-incident identifications by eyewitnesses. The state objected, citing State v. Stucke, 419 So.2d 939 (La.1982), which we shall discuss with other cases. After allowing the prospective witness to be examined as to his expert qualifications outside the presence of the jury, the court sustained the State's objection.
Dr. Benefield, a professor of psychology at LSUS, received a master's degree in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1973 in experimental psychology. Experimental psychologists conduct research but do not treat patients in a clinical setting. While teaching at Louisiana Tech between November 1967 and August 1970, Dr. Benefield conducted research designed to assess the ability of individuals to answer questions about stressful events they had perceived. This research showed that as the degree of stress increased, the observers' accuracy in reporting factual details decreased.
The research Dr. Benefield had been conducting when defendant was tried in December 1985 focused on the effect of stress on the memory and recall capabilities of college students and cadets at a local police academy.
Dr. Benefield testified he was familiar with the research in eyewitness identification and could give the jury an up-to-date and general review of the literature about human perception and memory. He admitted that he had not testified in or out of court concerning the fallibility of specific eyewitness identifications, nor had he had any discussion with the victim in this case.
The trial court's ruling, denying admissibility, was based partially on jurisprudence stating that the prejudicial effect of this type of testimony outweighed its probative value, and partially on the court's statement that it was not impressed with this witness's qualifications to express an opinion about this victim or any victim in similar circumstances.
A witness who seeks to testify as an expert must establish to the satisfaction of the trial court that he has special knowledge of the subject about which he is called upon the express an opinion. LRS 15:466. The competence of an expert witness is a question of fact to be determined within the sound discretion of the trial court. Rulings on the qualification or competence of witnesses to give expert testimony will not be disturbed unless they are manifestly erroneous. State...
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State v. Tucker
...total circumstances. Manson, supra; State v. Guillot, 353 So.2d 1005 (La.1977), writ denied, 367 So.2d 864 (La.1979); State v. Mims, 501 So.2d 962 (La.App. 2d Cir.1987). A lineup is unduly suggestive if the procedure focuses attention on the defendant. State v. Robinson, 386 So.2d 1374 (La.......
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State v. Henry
...did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow expert testimony on the reliability of eyewitness identification. State v. Mims, 501 So.2d 962 (La.App. 2d Cir.1987) ; State v. Coleman, 486 So.2d 995 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1986), writ denied, 493 So.2d 634 (La.1986).Id. at 1057–58 [emphasis supp......
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State ex rel. Mims v. Butler
...years short of the maximum for a third offender). 3 The court of appeal affirmed Mims' convictions and sentences. State v. Mims, 501 So.2d 962 (La.App.2d Cir.1987). Mims filed for post-conviction relief in 1988 asserting that his thirty-five year sentence for purse snatching as a third offe......
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28,095 La.App. 2 Cir. 5/8/96, State v. White
...certainty demonstrated at the identification; and the length of time elapsed between the crime and the identification. State v. Mims, 501 So.2d 962 (La.App.2d Cir.1987); State v. Cotton, 511 So.2d 1207 (La.App.2d Cir.1987); State v. Davis, Shortly after the attack, the victim gave police a ......